libglvnd: the GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library

Introduction

libglvnd is a vendor-neutral dispatch layer for arbitrating OpenGL API calls between multiple vendors. It allows multiple drivers from different vendors to coexist on the same filesystem, and determines which vendor to dispatch each API call to at runtime.

Both GLX and EGL are supported, in any combination with OpenGL and OpenGL ES.

libglvnd was originally described in Andy Ritger's OpenGL ABI proposal [1].

The official repository for libglvnd is hosted on FreeDesktop.org's GitLab: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/glvnd/libglvnd

Building the library

libglvnd build-depends on libx11, glproto and libxext. On Debian and derivatives, run:

sudo apt-get install libxext-dev libx11-dev x11proto-gl-dev

Run ./autogen.sh, then run ./configure and make.

Alternatively you can use meson and ninja, which is much faster but should be otherwise the same (You will need packages from above too):

sudo apt-get install ninja-build meson
meson builddir 
ninja -C builddir

Meson 0.48.0 is currently required, if your distro doesn't have meson 0.48 in the repos you can try the methods suggested here.

Code overview

The code in the src/ directory is organized as follows:

GLX/ contains code for libGLX, the GLX window-system API library.
EGL/ contains code for libEGL, the EGL window-system API library.
GLdispatch/ contains code for libGLdispatch, which is responsible for dispatching OpenGL functions to the correct vendor library based on the current EGL or GLX rendering context. This implements the guts of the GL API libraries. Most of the dispatch code is based on Mesa's glapi.
OpenGL/, GLESv1/, and GLESv2/ contain code to generate libOpenGL.so, libGLESv1_CM.so, and libGLESv2.so, respectively. All three are merely wrapper libraries for libGLdispatch. Ideally, these could be implemented via ELF symbol filtering, but in practice they need to be implemented manually. See the Issues section for details on why this is the case.
GL/ contains code for libGL. This is a wrapper around libGLdispatch and libGLX.
util/ contains generic utility code.

In addition, libglvnd uses a GLX extension, GLX_EXT_libglvnd, to determine which vendor library to use for a screen or XID.

There are a few good starting points for familiarizing oneself with the code:

Look at the vendor-library to GLX ABI defined in libglxabi.h.
Follow the flow of glXGetProcAddress() -> __glDispatchGetProcAddress() -> _glapi_get_proc_address() to see how the dispatch table is updated as new GL stubs are generated, and how GLX looks for vendor-library-implemented dispatchers for GLX extension functions.
Follow the flow of glXMakeContextCurrent() -> __glDispatchMakeCurrent() -> _glapi_set_current() to see how the current dispatch table and state is updated by the API library.
Look at libglxmapping.c:__glXLookupVendorBy{Name,Screen}() to see how vendor library names are queried.
For EGL, follow the flow of eglGetPlatformDisplay() to see how EGL selects a vendor library.

The tests/ directory contains several unit tests which verify that dispatching to different vendors actually works. Run make check to run these unit tests.

Architecture

The library organization differs slightly from that of Andy's original proposal. See the diagram below:

                ┌──────────────────────────────────┐
                │                                  │
          ┌─────┤        Application               │
          │     │                                  │
          │     └─────┬───────────────────┬────────┘
          │           │                   │
          │     ┌─────▾─────┐             │                    ┌──────────────────────┐
          │     │           │             │                    │                      │
          │     │ libOpenGL │             │                    │                      │
          │     │           │             │                    │  X server            │
          │     └─────┬─────┘             │                    │                      │
          │        DT_FILTER              │                    │                      │
          │     ┌─────▾──────────┐ ┌──────▾────────┐           │ ┌──────────────────┐ │
          │     │                │ │               │           └─│GLX_EXT_libglvnd  │─┘
          │     │ [mapi/glapi]   ◂─▸               │             │extension         │
          │     │ libGLdispatch  │ │   libGLX      ├─────────────▸──────────────────┘
          │     │                │ │               ◂──────────┬─────────────────┐
          │     └───────▴────────┘ └──────▴────────┘          │                 │
          │         DT_FILTER         DT_FILTER             ┌─▾─────────┐   ┌───▾────────┐
          │     ┌───────┴─────────────────┴────────┐        │           │   │            │
          │     │                                  │        │           │   │            │
          └─────▸           libGL                  │        │ GLX_vendor│   │ GLX_vendor2│
                └──────────────────────────────────┘        │           │   │            │
                                                            └───────────┘   └────────────┘

In this diagram,

A ───▸ B indicates that module A calls into module B.
A ── DT_FILTER ──▸ B indicates that DSO A is (logically) a filter library on DSO B. If ELF symbol filtering is enabled, symbols exported by A are resolved to entrypoints in B.

libGLX manages loading GLX vendor libraries and dispatching GLX core and extension functions to the right vendor.

GLX_EXT_libglvnd is a simple GLX extension which allows libGLX to determine the number of the screen belonging to an arbitrary drawable XID, and also the GL vendor to use for a given screen.

libGLdispatch implements core GL dispatching and TLS. It acts as a thin wrapper around glapi which provides some higher-level functionality for managing dispatch tables, requesting vendor proc addresses, and making current to a given context + dispatch table. This is a separate library rather than statically linked into libGLX, since the same dispatching code is used by both GLX and EGL.

libOpenGL is a wrapper library to libGLdispatch which exposes OpenGL 4.5 core and compatibility entry points.

libGLESv{1,2} are wrapper libraries to libGLdispatch which expose OpenGL ES entrypoints.

libGL is a wrapper library to libGLdispatch and libGLX which is provided for backwards-compatibility with applications which link against the old ABI.

Note that since all OpenGL functions are dispatched through the same table in libGLdispatch, it doesn't matter which library is used to find the entrypoint. The same OpenGL function in libGL, libOpenGL, libGLES, and the function pointer returned by glXGetProcAddress are all interchangeable.

OpenGL dispatching

By definition, all OpenGL functions are dispatched based on the current context. OpenGL dispatching is handled in libGLdispatch, which is used by both EGL and GLX.

libGLdispatch uses a per-thread dispatch table to look up the correct vendor library function for every OpenGL function.

When an application calls eglMakeCurrent or glXMakeCurrent, the EGL or GLX library finds the correct dispatch table and then calls into libGLdispatch to set that table for the current thread.

Since they're all dispatched through the common libGLdispatch layer, that also means that all OpenGL entrypoints will work correctly, regardless of whether the current context is from EGL or GLX.

GLX dispatching

Unlike core OpenGL functions, whose vendor can be determined from the current context, many GLX functions are context-independent. In order to successfully map GLX API calls to the right vendor, we use the following strategy:

Most GLX entry points specify (either explicitly, or implicitly) an X screen.
On a per-entry point basis, dispatch the call to the libGLX_VENDOR.so for that screen.
The first time libGLX.so gets called with a unique combination of X Display + screen, do the following:
- Use the Display connection to query the X server for the GLX vendor of that X screen.
- Load the corresponding libGLX_VENDOR.so.
- Read the vendor's GLX dispatch table from the libGLX_VENDOR.so.
- Cache that Display + screen <=> vendor dispatch table mapping, for use in subsequent dispatching.
Some GLX entry points imply an X screen by a GLX object they specify. Such GLX objects are:
- GLXContext (an opaque pointer)
- GLXFBConfig (an opaque pointer)
- GLXPixmap (an XID)
- GLXDrawable (an XID)
- GLXWindow (an XID)
- GLXPbuffer (an XID)
To map from object to screen, record the corresponding screen when the object is created. This means the current process needs to see a GLX call to create the object. In the case of the opaque pointers, this is reasonable, since the pointer is only meaningful within the current process.

XIDs, however, can be created by another process, so libGLX may not know in advance which screen they belong to. To deal with that, libGLX queries the server using the GLX extension GLX_EXT_libglvnd.

EGL dispatching

EGL dispatching works similarly to GLX, but there are fewer object types to deal with. Almost all EGL functions are dispatched based on an EGLDisplay or EGLDeviceEXT parameter.

EGL can't rely on asking an X server for a vendor name like GLX can, so instead, it enumerates and loads every available vendor library. Loading every vendor is also needed to support extensions such as EGL_EXT_device_enumeration.

In order to find the available vendor libraries, each vendor provides a JSON file in a well-known directory, similar to how Vulkan ICD's are loaded. Please see EGL ICD enumeration for more details.

When the application calls eglGetPlatformDisplay, EGL will simply call into each vendor library until it finds one that succeeds. After that, whichever vendor succeeded owns that display.

As with GLX, vendor libraries must provide dispatch stubs for any display or device extensions that they support, so that they can add new extensions without having to modify libglvnd.

Since libglvnd passes eglGetPlatformDisplay calls through to each vendor, a vendor can also add a new platform extension (e.g., EGL_KHR_platform_x11) without changing libglvnd.

Other EGL client extensions, by definition, do require modifying libglvnd. Those are handled on a case-by-case basis.

Issues

Ideally, several components of libglvnd (namely, the libGL wrapper library and the libOpenGL, libGLES{v1_CM,v2} interface libraries) could be implemented via ELF symbol filtering (see [2] for a demonstration of this). However, a loader bug (tracked in [3]) makes this mechanism unreliable: dlopen(3)ing a shared library with DT_FILTER fields can crash the application. Instead, for now, ELF symbol filtering is disabled by default, and an alternate approach is used to implement these libraries.
The library currently indirectly associates a drawable with a vendor, by first mapping a drawable to its screen, then mapping the screen to its vendor. However, it may make sense in render offload scenarios to allow direct mapping from drawables to vendors, so multiple vendors could potentially operate on drawables in the same screen. The problem with this is that several GLX functions, such as glXChooseFBConfig(), explicitly refer to screens, and so it becomes a gray area which vendor the call should be dispatched to. Given this issue, does it still make more sense to use a direct drawable to vendor mapping? How would this be implemented? Should we add new API calls to "GLX Next"?
- Note that the (drawable -> screen -> vendor) mapping mainly exists in the GLX_EXT_libglvnd extension. libGLX itself keeps a simple (drawable -> vendor) mapping, and exposes that mapping to the vendor libraries.
Along the same lines, would it be useful to include a "glXGetProcAddressFromVendor()" or "glXGetProcAddressFromScreen()" entrypoint in a new GLX version to obviate the need for this library in future applications?
Global state is required by both libGLX.so and libGLdispatch.so for various purposes, and needs to be protected by locks in multithreaded environments. Is it reasonable for the vendor-neutral library to depend on pthreads for implementing these locks?

While there is no harm in having the API libraries link against pthreads even if the application does not, we would like to avoid pthread locking overhead if the application is single-threaded. Hence, this library uses a glvnd_pthread wrapper library which provides single-threaded fallbacks for applications which are not linked against pthreads. It is expected that multi-threaded applications will either statically link against pthreads, or load pthreads prior to loading libGL.
Is using a hash table to store GLX extension entrypoints performant enough for dispatching? Should we be using a flat array instead?
How should malloc(3) failures be handled?
How should forking be handled?
The current libGLX implementation stores all GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles in global hashtables, which means that GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles must be unique between vendors. That is, two vendor libraries must not come up with the same handle value for a GLXContext or GLXFBConfig. To that end, GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles must be pointers to memory addresses that the vendor library somehow controls. The values are otherwise opaque.
Querying an XID <=> screen mapping without somehow "locking" the XID is inherently racy, since a different process may destroy the drawable, and X may recycle the XID, after the mapping is saved client-side. Is there a mechanism we could use to notify the API library when a mapping is no longer valid?

References

[1] https://github.com/aritger/linux-opengl-abi-proposal/blob/master/linux-opengl-abi-proposal.txt

[2] https://github.com/aritger/libgl-elf-tricks-demo

[3] https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=16272

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Andy Ritger for the original libGLX implementation and README documentation.

libglvnd

libglvnd itself (excluding components listed below) is licensed as follows:

Copyright (c) 2013, NVIDIA CORPORATION.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and/or associated documentation files (the
"Materials"), to deal in the Materials without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Materials, and to
permit persons to whom the Materials are furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
unaltered in all copies or substantial portions of the Materials.
Any additions, deletions, or changes to the original source files
must be clearly indicated in accompanying documentation.

THE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
MATERIALS OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE MATERIALS.

X.Org

libglvnd contains list.h, a linked list implementation from the X.Org project. Source code from the X.Org project is available from:

http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver

list.h carries the following license:

Copyright © 2010 Intel Corporation
Copyright © 2010 Francisco Jerez <[email protected]>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next
paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
IN THE SOFTWARE.

Mesa

libglvnd contains code from the Mesa project. Source code from the Mesa project is available from:

http://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa

The default Mesa license is as follows:

Copyright (C) 1999-2007  Brian Paul   All Rights Reserved.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
BRIAN PAUL BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

uthash

libglvnd uses the hash table implementation 'uthash':

http://troydhanson.github.io/uthash/

This library carries the following copyright notice:

Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Troy D. Hanson
http://troydhanson.github.com/uthash/
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

buildconf

libglvnd uses the buildconf autotools bootstrapping script 'autogen.sh':

http://freecode.com/projects/buildconf

This script carries the following copyright notice:

Copyright (c) 2005-2009 United States Government as represented by
the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
with the distribution.

3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written
permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

ax-pthread

libglvnd uses the AX_PTHREAD autoconf macro for detecting pthreads. The implementation of this macro carries the following license:

Copyright (c) 2008 Steven G. Johnson <[email protected]>
Copyright (c) 2011 Daniel Richard G. <[email protected]>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the 
Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but 
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

As a special exception, the respective Autoconf Macro's copyright owner
gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify the configure
scripts that are the output of Autoconf when processing the Macro. You 
need not follow the terms of the GNU General Public License when using
or distributing such scripts, even though portions of the text of the 
Macro appear in them. The GNU General Public License (GPL) does govern
all other use of the material that constitutes the Autoconf Macro.

This special exception to the GPL applies to versions of the Autoconf
Macro released by the Autoconf Archive. When you make and distribute a
modified version of the Autoconf Macro, you may extend this special
exception to the GPL to apply to your modified version as well.

libglvnd uses the cJSON library for reading JSON files:

https://github.com/DaveGamble/cJSON