airspy-fmradion
- Version 20230529-0
- For MacOS (both Intel and Apple Silicon) and Linux
Contributing
See CONTRIBUTING.md for the details.
Known issues and changes
Please read CHANGES.md before using the software.
What is airspy-fmradion?
- airspy-fmradion is a software-defined radio receiver for FM and AM broadcast radio, and also NBFM/DSB/USB/LSB/CW/WSPR utility communications, specifically designed for Airspy R2, Airspy Mini, Airspy HF+, and RTL-SDR.
What does airspy-fmradion provide?
- Mono or stereo decoding of FM broadcasting stations
- Mono decoding of AM stations
- Decoding NBFM/DSB/USB/LSB/CW/WSPR stations
- Buffered real-time playback to soundcard or dumping to file
- Command-line interface (only)
Usage
# Portaudio output
airspy-fmradion -t airspy -q \
-c freq=88100000,srate=10000000,lgain=2,mgain=0,vgain=10 \
-b 1.0 -P -
# 16-bit signed integer WAV output (pipe is not supported)
airspy-fmradion -t airspyhf -q \
-c freq=88100000,srate=768000 \
-b 1.0 -W output_s16_le.wav
# 32-bit float WAV output (pipe is not supported)
airspy-fmradion -m am -t airspyhf -q \
-c freq=666000 \
-b 0.5 -G output_f32_le.wav
airspy-fmradion requirements
- Linux / macOS
- C++17 (gcc, clang/llvm)
- Airspy library
- Airspy HF library
- RTL-SDR library
- sndfile
- r8brain-free-src, a sample rate converter designed by Aleksey Vaneev of Voxengo
- readerwriterqueue
- VOLK
- PortAudio
- Tested: Airspy R2, Airspy Mini, Airspy HF+ Dual Port, RTL-SDR V3
- Fast computer
- Medium-strong radio signals
For the latest version, see https://github.com/jj1bdx/airspy-fmradion
Recommended utilities
Branches and tags
- Official releases are tagged
- main is the "production" branch with the most stable release (often ahead of the latest release though)
- dev is the development branch that contains current developments that will be eventually released in the main branch
- Other branches are experimental (and presumably abandoned)
- The
master
branch is deprecated and to be deleted. Use main branch.
Prerequisites
Airspy HF+ firmware
Use the latest version of Airspy HF+ firmware, available at Airspy HF+ Dual Port and Airspy HF+ Discovery Web pages.
airspy-fmradion sets the default sampling rates to 384kHz for FM broadcast, and 192kHz for the other modes. Old Airspy HF+ firmwares do not support the lower sampling rate other than 768kHz.
Required libraries
Note: the main (formerly master) branch of libvolk is now required from v0.8.1.
If you install from source in your own installation path, you have to specify the include path and library path.
For example if you installed it in /opt/install/libairspy
you have to add -DAIRSPY_INCLUDE_DIR=/opt/install/libairspy/include -DAIRSPYHF_INCLUDE_DIR=/opt/install/libairspyhf/include
to the cmake options.
Debian/Ubuntu Linux
sudo apt-get install cmake pkg-config libusb-1.0-0-dev libasound2-dev libairspy-dev libairspyhf-dev librtlsdr-dev libsndfile1-dev portaudio19-dev
macOS
- Install HomeBrew libraries as in the following shell script
- See https://github.com/pothosware/homebrew-pothos/wiki
- Use HEAD for
airspy
andairspyhf
brew tap pothosware/homebrew-pothos
brew tap dholm/homebrew-sdr #other sdr apps
brew update
brew install portaudio
brew install libsndfile
brew install rtl-sdr
brew install airspy --HEAD
brew install airspyhf --HEAD
brew install volk
Install the latest libvolk
Install libvolk as described in INSTALL-latest-libvolk.md.
Dependency installation details
libvolk
- See GitHub gnuradio/volk repository for the details.
libairspyhf
Use the latest HEAD version.
libairspy
Note: this is applicable for both macOS and Linux.
Install and use the latest libairspy --HEAD version for:
- Working
airspy_open_devices()
, required byairspy_open_sn()
. See this commit for the details. - Proper transfer block size.
if_blocksize
for Airspy HF+ is reduced from 16384 to 2048, following this commit.
git submodules
r8brain-free-src and readerwriterqueue are the submodules of this repository. Download the submodule repositories by the following git procedure:
git submodule init
git submodule update
Installing
To install airspy-fmradion, download and unpack the source code (as well as the r8brain-free-src submodule) and go to the top level directory. Then do like this:
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
CMake tries to find librtlsdr. If this fails, you need to specify the location of the library in one the following ways:
cmake .. \
-DAIRSPY_INCLUDE_DIR=/path/airspy/include \
-DAIRSPY_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/airspy/lib/libairspy.a
-DAIRSPYHF_INCLUDE_DIR=/path/airspyhf/include \
-DAIRSPYHF_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/airspyhf/lib/libairspyhf.a \
-DRTLSDR_INCLUDE_DIR=/path/rtlsdr/include \
-DRTLSDR_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/rtlsdr/lib/librtlsdr.a
PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/airspy/lib/pkgconfig cmake ..
For using static analyzers such as OCLint and Clangd, run the following commands:
cd build
ln -s `pwd`/compile_commands.json ..
cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON ..
Compile and install
make -j4
(for machines with 4 CPUs)make install
Copying binary to another directory
On M1 Mac, using cp causes a trouble. Use the following command to properly install the command to a local directory:
install -o user -m 0700 -c -s build/airspy-fmradion $(HOME)/bin
Basic command options
-m devtype
is modulation type, one offm
,nbfm
,am
,dsb
,usb
,lsb
,cw
,wspr
(default fm)-t devtype
is mandatory and must beairspy
for Airspy R2 / Airspy Mini,airspyhf
for Airspy HF+,rtlsdr
for RTL-SDR, andfilesource
for the File Source driver.-q
Quiet mode.-c config
Comma separated list of configuration options as key=value pairs or just key for switches. Depends on device type (see next paragraph).-d devidx
Device index, 'list' to show device list (default 0)-M
Disable stereo decoding-R filename
Write audio data as rawS16_LE
samples. Use filename-
to write to stdout-F filename
Write audio data as rawFLOAT_LE
samples. Use filename-
to write to stdout-W filename
Write audio data as RF64/WAVS16_LE
samples. Use filename-
to write to stdout (pipe is not supported)-G filename
Write audio data as RF64/WAVFLOAT_LE
samples. Use filename-
to write to stdout (pipe is not supported)-P device_num
Play audio via PortAudio device index number. Use string-
to specify the default PortAudio device-T filename
Write pulse-per-second timestamps. Use filename '-' to write to stdout-b seconds
(ignored, remained for a compatibility reason)-X
Shift pilot phase (for Quadrature Multipath Monitor) (-X is ignored under mono mode (-M))-U
Set deemphasis to 75 microseconds (default: 50)-f
Set Filter type- for FM: wide and default: none, medium: +-156kHz, narrow: +-121kHz
- for AM: wide: +-9kHz, default: +-6kHz, medium: +-4.5kHz, narrow: +-3kHz
- for NBFM: wide: +-20kHz, default: +-10kHz, medium: +-8kHz, narrow: +-6.25kHz
-l dB
Enable IF squelch, set the level to minus given value of dB-E stages
Enable multipath filter for FM (For stable reception only: turn off if reception becomes unstable)-r ppm
Set IF offset in ppm (range: +-1000000ppm) (Note: this option affects output pitch and timing: use for the output timing compensation only!-A
(For FM only) Experimental 10Hz-step IF AFC
Major changes
Timestamp file format
- For FM:
pps_index sample_index unix_time if_level
- For the other modes:
block unix_time if_level
- if_level is in dB
Rate compensation for adjusting audio device playback speed offset
- Background: some audio devices shows non-negligible offset of playback speed, which causes eventual audio output buffer overflow and significant delay in long-term playback.
- How to fix: compensating the playback speed offset gives more accurate playback timing, by sacrificing output audio pitch accuracy. A proper compensation will eliminate the cause of increasing output buffer length, by sending less data (lower sampling rate) to the conversion process.
- You can specify the compensation rate by ppm using
-r
option. - How to estimate the rate offset: when elapsed playback time is
Tp
[seconds] and output buffer length (buf=
in the debug output) increases during the time isTs
[seconds], the compensation rate is(Ts/Tp) * 1000000
[ppm]. - For example, if the output buffer length increases for 1 second after playing back for 7 hours (25200 seconds), the offset rate is 1/25200 * 1000000 ~= 39.68ppm.
- +- 100ppm offset is not uncommon among the consumer-grade audio devices.
- +- 100ppm pitch change may not be recongizable by human.
Caveats for the rate compensation
- Do not use this feature if the per-sample accuracy is essential.
- Do not use this feature for non-realtime output (for example, to files).
- Output audio pitch increases as the offset increases.
- Too much compensation will cause output underflow.
- This feature causes fractional (non-integer) resampling by
IfResampler
class, which causes more CPU usage.
Smaller latency
- v0.9.2 uses smaller latency algorithms for all modulation types and filters. The output frequency characteristics may be different from the previous versions.
Audio gain adjustment
- Since v0.4.2, output maximum level is back at -6dB (0.5) (
adjust_gain()
is reintroduced) again, as in pre-v0.2.7 - During v0.2.7 to v0.4.1, output level was at unity (
adjust_gain()
is removed) - Before v0.2.7, output maximum level is at -6dB (0.5)
Audio and IF downsampling is performed by r8brain-free-src
- Output of the stereo decoder is downsampled to 48kHz
- 19kHz cut LPF implemented for post-processing resampler output
- Audio sample rate is fixed to 48000Hz
r8b::CDSPResampler24
is used for IF resampling
Phase discriminator uses GNU Radio fast_atan2f()
- From v0.7.8-pre0, GNU Radio
fast_atan2f()
which has ~20-bit accuracy, is used for PhaseDiscriminator class and the 19kHz pilot PLL. - The past
fastatan2()
used in v0.6.10 and before was removed due to low accuracy (of ~10 bits) - Changing from the past
atan2()
tofast_atan2f()
showed no noticeable difference of the THD+N (0.218%) and THD (0.018%). (Measured from JOBK-FM NHK Osaka FM 88.1MHz hourly time tone 880Hz, using airwaves after the multipath canceler filter of -E36) - The past
fastatan2()
allowed +-0.005 radian max error - libm
atan2()
allows only approx. 0.5 ULP as the max error for macOS 10.14.5, measured by using the code from "Error analysis of system mathematical functions " by Gaston H. Gonnet (1 ULP for macOS 64bitdouble
= 2^(-53) = approx. 10^(15.95))
FM multipath filter
- A Normalized LMS-based multipath filter can be enabled after IF AGC
- IF sample stages can be defined by
-E
options - Reference amplitude level: 1.0
- For Mac mini 2018 with 3.2 GHz Intel Core i7, 288 stages consume 99% of one CPU core
- This filter is not effective when the IF bandwidth is narrow (192kHz)
- The multipath filter starts after discarding the first 100 blocks. This change is to avoid the initial instability of Airspy R2.
- Note: this filter recalculates the coefficients for every four (4) samples, to reduce the processing load.
Multipath filter configuration
- v0.7.3 and later: -E36 for 108 previous and 36 after stages (ratio 3:1). The multipath filter order: (4 * stages) + 1
- For reference only: v0.7.3-pre1 and before: -E72 for 72 previous and 72 after stages (ratio 1:1), summary: set the -E parameter to 1/2 of the previous value
- Rule of thumb: -E36 is sufficient for a stable strong singal (albeit with considerable multipath distortion).
FM L-R signal boosted for the stereo separation improvement
- Teruhiko Hayashi suggested boosting L-R signal by 1.017 for a better stereo separation. Implemented since v0.7.6-pre3.
- DiscriminatorEqualizer removed since v1.7.6-pre3 (needs more precise compensation, presumably with an FIR filter.
FM deemphasis error prevention
- Teruhiko Hayashi suggested applying deemphasis before the sampling rate conversion, at the demodulator rate, higher than the audio output rate. Implemented since v0.7.6.
No-goals
- CIC filters for the IF 1st stage (unable to explore parallelism, too complex to compensate)
- Using lock-free threads (
boost::lockfree::spsc_queue
didn't make things faster, and consumed x2 CPU power)
Filter design documentation
General characteristics
- If resampling converter affects the passband characteristics
For FM
- FM Filter coefficients are listed under
doc/filter-design
For NBFM
- Deviation: normal +-8kHz, for wide +-17kHz
- Output audio LPF: flat up to 4kHz
- NBFM Filter coefficients are listed under
doc/filter-design
default
filter width: +-10kHz- Narrower filters by
-f
options:middle
+-8kHz,narrow
+-6.25kHz - Wider filters by
-f
options:wide
+-20kHz (with wider deviation of +-17kHz) - Audio gain reduced by -3dB to prevent output clipping
For AM and DSB
- AM Filter coefficients are listed under
doc/filter-design
default
filter width: +-6kHz- Narrower filters by
-f
options:middle
+-4.5kHz,narrow
+-3kHz - Wider filters by
-f
options:wide
+-9kHz
For SSB (USB/LSB)
- For USB: shift down 1.5kHz -> LPF -> shift up 1.5kHz
- For USB: shift up 1.5kHz -> LPF -> shift down 1.5kHz
- Rate conversion of 48kHz to 12kHz and vice versa for the input and output of LPF
- 12kHz sampling rate LPF: flat till +-1200Hz, -3dB +-1320Hz, -10dB +-1370Hz, -58.64dB at +-1465Hz
For CW
- Zeroed-in pitch: 500Hz
- Filter width: +- 100Hz flat, +-250Hz for cutoff
- Uses downsampling to 12kHz for applying a steep filter
For WSPR
- Set USB TX carrier frequency for reception (as shown in WSPRnet)
- Pitch: 1500Hz
- Filter width: +- 100Hz flat, +-250Hz for cutoff
- Uses downsampling to 12kHz for applying a steep filter
AGC algorithms
Simple AGC with Tisserand-Berviller Algorithm
- Reference: Etienne Tisserand, Yves Berviller. Design and implementation of a new digital automatic gain control. Electronics Letters, IET, 2016, 52 (22), pp.1847 - 1849. ff10.1049/el.2016.1398ff. ffhal-01397371f
- Implementation reference: https://github.com/sile/dagc/
- Implemented for IF AGC since 20220808-0
- Implemented for AF AGC since 20220808-3
Airspy R2 / Mini modification from ngsoftfm-jj1bdx
Feature changes
- Finetuner is removed (Not really needed for +-1ppm or less offset)
Airspy R2 / Mini configuration options
freq=<int>
Desired tune frequency in Hz. Valid range from 1M to 1.8G. (default 100M:100000000
)srate=<int>
Device sample rate.list
lists valid values and exits. (default10000000
). Valid values depend on the Airspy firmware. Airspy firmware and library must support dynamic sample rate query.lgain=<x>
LNA gain in dB. Valid values are:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9 ,10, 11 12, 13, 14, list
.list
lists valid values and exits. (default8
)mgain=<x>
Mixer gain in dB. Valid values are:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9 ,10, 11 12, 13, 14, 15, list
.list
lists valid values and exits. (default8
)vgain=<x>
VGA gain in dB. Valid values are:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9 ,10, 11 12, 13, 14, 15, list
.list
lists valid values and exits. (default0
)antbias
Turn on the antenna bias for remote LNA (default off)lagc
Turn on the LNA AGC (default off)magc
Turn on the mixer AGC (default off)
Airspy HF+ modification from airspy-fmradion v0.2.7
Sample rates and IF modes
- This version supports 768kHz zero-IF mode and 384/256/192kHz low-IF modes
Conversion process for 768kHz zero-IF mode
- LPFIQ is single-stage
- IF center frequency is down Fs/4 than the station frequency, i.e: when the station is 76.5MHz, the tuned frequency is 76.308MHz
- Airspy HF+ allows only 660kHz alias-free BW, so the maximum alias-free BW for IF is (660/2)kHz - 192kHz = 138kHz
Conversion process for 384/256/192kHz low-IF mode
- IF center frequency is not shifted
Airspy HF configuration options
freq=<int>
Desired tune frequency in Hz. Valid range from 0 to 31M, and from 60M to 240M. (default 100M:100000000
)srate=<int>
Device sample rate.list
lists valid values and exits. (default384000
). Valid values depend on the Airspy HF firmware. Airspy HF firmware and library must support dynamic sample rate query.hf_att=<int>
HF attenuation level and AGC control.- 0: enable AGC, no attenuation
- 1 - 8: disable AGC, apply attenuation of value * 6dB
RTL-SDR
Sample rate
- Valid sample rates are from 1000000 to 1250000 [Hz]
- The default value is 1200000Hz
RTL-SDR configuration options
freq=<int>
Desired tune frequency in Hz. Accepted range from 10M to 2.2G. (default 100M:100000000
)gain=<x>
(defaultauto
)auto
Selects gain automaticallylist
Lists available gains and exit<float>
gain in dB. Possible gains in dB are:0.0, 0.9, 1.4, 2.7, 3.7, 7.7, 8.7, 12.5, 14.4, 15.7, 16.6, 19.7, 20.7, 22.9, 25.4, 28.0, 29.7, 32.8, 33.8 , 36.4, 37.2, 38.6, 40.2, 42.1, 43.4, 43.9, 44.5, 48.0, 49.6
srate=<int>
Device sample rate. valid values in the [900001, 3200000] range. (default1152000
)blklen=<int>
Device block length in bytes (default RTL-SDR default i.e. 64k)agc
Activates device AGC (default off)antbias
Turn on the antenna bias for remote LNA (default off)
File Source driver
- Reads an IQ signal format file and decode the output.
- This device is still experimental.
File Source configuration options
freq=<int>
Frequency of radio station in Hz.srate=<int>
IF sample rate in Hz.filename=<string>
Source file name. Supported encodings:FLOAT
,S24_LE
,S16_LE
zero_offset
Set if the source file is in zero offset, which requires Fs/4 IF shifting.blklen=<int>
Set block length in samples.raw
Set if the file is raw binary.format=<string>
Set the file format for the raw binary file. Supported formats:U8_LE
,S8_LE
,S16_LE
,S24_LE
,FLOAT
Authors and contributors
- Joris van Rantwijk, primary author of SoftFM
- Edouard Griffiths, F4EXB, primary author of NGSoftFM (no longer involving in maintaining NGSoftFM)
- Kenji Rikitake, JJ1BDX, maintainer/developer/experimenter
- András Retzler, HA7ILM, for the former AF/IF AGC code in csdr
- Youssef Touil, Airspy Founder, aka Twitter @lambdaprog, for the intriguing exchange of Airspy product design details and the technical support
- Iowa Hills Software, for their FIR and IIR filter design tools
- Brian Beezley, K6STI, for his comprehensive Web site of FM broadcasting reception expertise and the idea of Quadrature Multipath Monitor
- Ryuji Suzuki, for reviewing the FM multipath filter coefficients and suggesting putting more weight on picking up more previous samples from the reference point than the samples after
- Teruhiko Hayashi, JA2SVZ, the creator of FM FPGA Tuner popular in Japan, for reviewing the measurement results of FM broadcast reception of airspy-fmradion, and various constructive suggestions
- Takehiro Sekine, for suggesting using GNU Radio's VOLK for faster calculation, and implementing Filesource device driver
- Takeru Ohta, for his Rust implementation of Tisserand-Berviller AGC algorithm
- Cameron Desrochers, for his readerwriterqueue implementation of a single-producer-single-consumer lock-free queue for C++
License
- As a whole package: GPLv3 (and later). See LICENSE.
- csdr AGC code: BSD license.
- Some source code files are stating GPL "v2 and later" license.
Repository history
- This repository is forked from ngsoftfm-jj1bdx 0.1.14 and merged with airspfhf-fmradion.