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InterpretDL: Interpretation of Deep Learning Models based on PaddlePaddle

InterpretDL, short for interpretations of deep learning models, is a model interpretation toolkit for PaddlePaddle models. This toolkit contains implementations of many interpretation algorithms, including LIME, Grad-CAM, Integrated Gradients and more. Some SOTA and new interpretation algorithms are also implemented.

InterpretDL is under active construction and all contributions are welcome!

Why InterpretDL

The increasingly complicated deep learning models make it impossible for people to understand their internal workings. Interpretability of black-box models has become the research focus of many talented researchers. InterpretDL provides a collection of both classical and new algorithms for interpreting models.

By utilizing these helpful methods, people can better understand why models work and why they don't, thus contributing to the model development process.

For researchers working on designing new interpretation algorithms, InterpretDL gives an easy access to existing methods that they can compare their work with.

🔥 🔥 🔥 News 🔥 🔥 🔥

• (2023.2) One paper on explaining Transformers got accepted by TMLR. See implementations at BT.

Jiamin Chen, Xuhong Li, Lei Yu, Dejing Dou, Haoyi Xiong. “Beyond Intuition: Rethinking Token Attributions inside Transformers.” TMLR. paper link.

• (2022.11) Two papers got accepted by AAAI'23 and Artificial Intelligence respectively. See implementations at G-LIME and TrainingDynamics.

Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Xingjian Li, Xiao Zhang, Ji Liu, Haiyan Jiang, Zeyu Chen, Dejing Dou. “G-LIME: Statistical Learning for Local Interpretations of Deep Neural Networks using Global Priors.” Artificial Intelligence, 2023. pdf link.

Qingrui Jia, Xuhong Li, Lei Yu, Penghao Zhao, Jiang Bian, Shupeng Li, Haoyi Xiong, Dejing Dou. “Learning from Training Dynamics: Identifying Mislabeled Data Beyond Manually Designed Features”. AAAI 2023. pdf link.

Demo

Interpretation algorithms give a hint of why a black-box model makes its decision.

The following table gives visualizations of several interpretation algorithms applied to the original image to tell us why the model predicts "bull_mastiff."

Original Image	IntGrad (demo)	SG (demo)	LIME (demo)	Grad-CAM (demo)

For sentiment analysis task, the reason why a model gives positive/negative predictions can be visualized as follows. A quick demo can be found here. Samples in Chinese are also available here.

Contents

• InterpretDL: Interpretation of Deep Learning Models based on PaddlePaddle
• Why InterpretDL
• 🔥 🔥 🔥 News 🔥 🔥 🔥
• Demo
• Contents
• Installation
  • Pip installation
  • Developer installation
  • Unit Tests
• Documentation
• Getting Started
• Examples and Tutorials
• Roadmap
  • Implemented Algorithms with Taxonomy
  • Implemented Trustworthiness Evaluation Algorithms
• Presentations
• References of Algorithms
• Copyright and License
• Recent News

Installation

It requires the deep learning framework paddlepaddle, versions with CUDA support are recommended.

Pip installation

pip install interpretdl

# or with tsinghua mirror
pip install interpretdl -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

Developer installation

git clone https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/InterpretDL.git
# ... fix bugs or add new features
cd InterpretDL && pip install -e .
# welcome to propose pull request and contribute
yapf -i <python_file_path>  # code style: column_limit=120

Unit Tests

# run gradcam unit tests
python -m unittest -v tests.interpreter.test_gradcam
# run all unit tests
python -m unittest -v

Documentation

Online link: interpretdl.readthedocs.io.

Or generate the docs locally:

git clone https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/InterpretDL.git
cd docs
make html
open _build/html/index.html

Getting Started

All interpreters inherit the abstract class Interpreter, of which interpret(**kwargs) is the function to call.

# an example of SmoothGradient Interpreter.

import interpretdl as it
from paddle.vision.models import resnet50
paddle_model = resnet50(pretrained=True)
sg = it.SmoothGradInterpreter(paddle_model, use_cuda=True)
gradients = sg.interpret("test.jpg", visual=True, save_path=None)

A quick Getting-Started tutorial (or on NBviewer) is provided. It takes only a few minutes to be familiar with InterpretDL.

Examples and Tutorials

We have provided at least one example for each interpretation algorithm and each trustworthiness evaluation algorithm, hopefully covering applications for both CV and NLP.

We are currently preparing tutorials for easy usages of InterpretDL.

Both examples and tutorials can be accessed under tutorials folder.

Roadmap

We are planning to create a useful toolkit for offering the model interpretations as well as evaluations. We have now implemented the interpretation algorithms as follows, and we are planning to add more algorithms that are desired. Welcome to contribute or just tell us which algorithms are desired.

Implemented Algorithms with Taxonomy

Two dimensions (representations of explanation results and types of the target model) are used to categorize the interpretation algorithms. This taxonomy can be an indicator to find the best suitable algorithm for the target task and model.

* LRP requires that the model is of specific implementations for relevance back-propagation.

** Dataset-Level Interpreters require a training process.

Implemented Trustworthiness Evaluation Algorithms

• Perturbation Tests
• Deletion & Insertion
• Infidelity

Interpretability Evaluation Algorithms

• Localization Ability

Planning Alorithms

• Intermediate Features Interpretation Algorithm

  • More Transformers Specific Interpreters

• Dataset-Level Interpretation Algorithms

  • Influence Function

• Evaluations

  • Local Fidelity
  • Monotonicity
  • Infidelity
  • Sensitivity

Presentations

Linux Foundation Project AI & Data -- Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyond. Video Link (00:20:30 -- 00:45:00).

Baidu Create 2021 (in Chinese): Video Link (01:18:40 -- 01:36:30).

ICML 2021 Expo -- Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyond. Video Link.

References of Algorithms

• SGDNoise: On the Noisy Gradient Descent that Generalizes as SGD, Wu et al 2019

• IntegratedGraients: Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networks, Mukund Sundararajan et al. 2017

• CAM, GradCAM: Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localization, Ramprasaath R. Selvaraju et al. 2017

• SmoothGrad: SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noise, Daniel Smilkov et al. 2017

• GradientShap: A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions, Scott M. Lundberg et al. 2017

• Occlusion: Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks, Matthew D Zeiler and Rob Fergus 2013

• Lime: "Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier, Marco Tulio Ribeiro et al. 2016

• NormLime: NormLime: A New Feature Importance Metric for Explaining Deep Neural Networks, Isaac Ahern et al. 2019

• ScoreCAM: Score-CAM: Score-Weighted Visual Explanations for Convolutional Neural Networks, Haofan Wang et al. 2020

• ForgettingEvents: An Empirical Study of Example Forgetting during Deep Neural Network Learning, Mariya Toneva et al. 2019

• LRP: On Pixel-Wise Explanations for Non-Linear Classifier Decisions by Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation, Bach et al. 2015

• Rollout: Quantifying Attention Flow in Transformers, Abnar et al. 2020

• TAM: Explaining Information Flow Inside Vision Transformers Using Markov Chain. Yuan et al. 2021

• Consensus: Cross-Model Consensus of Explanations and Beyond for Image Classification Models: An Empirical Study. Li et al 2021

• Perturbation: Evaluating the visualization of what a deep neural network has learned.

• Deletion&Insertion: RISE: Randomized Input Sampling for Explanation of Black-box Models.

• PointGame: Top-down Neural Attention by Excitation Backprop.

• Generic Attention: [Generic Attention-model Explainability for Interpreting Bi-Modal and Encoder-Decoder Transformers

  ](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15679)

Copyright and License

InterpretDL is provided under the Apache-2.0 license.

Recent News

• (2022.08) The paper with this repository is accepted by Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR). If this repo is helpful for your work, please consider citing this paper:

  Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Xingjian Li, Xuanyu Wu, Zeyu Chen, and Dejing Dou. “InterpretDL: Explaining Deep Models in PaddlePaddle.” Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2022. https://jmlr.org/papers/v23/21-0738.html.

  @article{JMLR:v23:21-0738,
    author  = {Xuhong Li and Haoyi Xiong and Xingjian Li and Xuanyu Wu and Zeyu Chen and Dejing Dou},
    title   = {InterpretDL: Explaining Deep Models in PaddlePaddle},
    journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {23},
    number  = {197},
    pages   = {1--6},
    url     = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v23/21-0738.html}
    }
  

• (2022.08) Two research works got accepted by ECML and Machine Learning Journal. Cross-model consensus explanations are exploited to create a pseudo semantic segmentation dataset named PSSL, which contains 1.2M pseudo masks corresponding to the whole ImageNet training set. The dataset is publicly available.

  Refer to PaddleSeg:PSSL for downloading the dataset and the pretrained models.

  Refer to the papers for the details about the Consensus explanation and how it helps for the semantic segmentation task:

  Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Siyu Huang, Shilei Ji, Dejing Dou. Cross-Model Consensus of Explanations and Beyond for Image Classification Models: An Empirical Study. ECML'22, Machine Learning Journal Track. https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.00707.

  Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Yi Liu, Dingfu Zhou, Zeyu Chen, Yaqing Wang, and Dejing Dou. "Distilling ensemble of explanations for weakly-supervised pre-training of image segmentation models." Machine Learning (2022): 1-17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.03335.

  

• (2022/04/27) A getting-started tutorial is provided. Check it from GitHub or NBViewer. Usage examples have been provided for each algorithm (both Interpreter and Evaluator). We are currently preparing tutorials for easy usages of InterpretDL. Both tutorials and examples can be assessed under the tutorial folder.

• (2022/01/06) Implemented the Cross-Model Consensus Explanation method. In brief, this method averages the explanation results from several models. Instead of interpreting individual models, this method is able to identify the discriminative features in the input data with accurate localization. See the paper for details.

  • Consensus: Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Siyu Huang, Shilei Ji, Dejing Dou. Cross-Model Consensus of Explanations and Beyond for Image Classification Models: An Empirical Study. arXiv:2109.00707.

  We show a demo with six models (the last column shows the consensus explanation), while more models (around 15) could give a much better result. See the example for more details.

  

• (2021/10/20) Implemented the Transition Attention Maps (TAM) explanation method for PaddlePaddle Vision Transformers. As always, several lines call this interpreter. See details from the example, and the paper:

  • TAM: Tingyi Yuan, Xuhong Li, Haoyi Xiong, Hui Cao, Dejing Dou. Explaining Information Flow Inside Vision Transformers Using Markov Chain. In Neurips 2021 XAI4Debugging Workshop.

  import paddle
  import interpretdl as it
  
  # load vit model and weights
  # !wget -c https://paddle-imagenet-models-name.bj.bcebos.com/dygraph/ViT_base_patch16_224_pretrained.pdparams -P assets/
  from assets.vision_transformer import ViT_base_patch16_224
  paddle_model = ViT_base_patch16_224()
  MODEL_PATH = 'assets/ViT_base_patch16_224_pretrained.pdparams'
  paddle_model.set_dict(paddle.load(MODEL_PATH))
  
  # Call the interpreter.
  tam = it.TAMInterpreter(paddle_model, use_cuda=True)
  img_path = 'samples/el1.png'
  heatmap = tam.interpret(
          img_path,
          start_layer=4,
          label=None,  # elephant
          visual=True,
          save_path=None)
  heatmap = tam.interpret(
          img_path,
          start_layer=4,
          label=340,  # zebra
          visual=True,
          save_path=None)

  image	elephant	zebra

• (2021/07/22) Implemented Rollout Explanations for PaddlePaddle Vision Transformers. See the notebook for the visualization.

  import paddle
  import interpretdl as it
  
  # wget -c https://paddle-imagenet-models-name.bj.bcebos.com/dygraph/ViT_small_patch16_224_pretrained.pdparams -P assets/
  from assets.vision_transformer import ViT_small_patch16_224
  paddle_model = ViT_small_patch16_224()
  MODEL_PATH = 'assets/ViT_small_patch16_224_pretrained.pdparams'
  paddle_model.set_dict(paddle.load(MODEL_PATH))
  
  img_path = 'assets/catdog.png'
  rollout = it.RolloutInterpreter(paddle_model, use_cuda=True)
  heatmap = rollout.interpret(img_path, start_layer=0, visual=True)