omni-us/jsonargparse

jsonargparse

https://github.com/omni-us/jsonargparse/

This package is an extension to python's argparse which simplifies parsing of configuration options from command line arguments, json configuration files (yaml or jsonnet supersets), environment variables and hard-coded defaults.

The aim is similar to other projects such as configargparse, yconf, confuse, typer, OmegaConf, Fire and click. The obvious question is, why yet another package similar to many already existing ones? The answer is simply that none of the existing projects had the exact features we wanted and after analyzing the alternatives it seemed simpler to start a new project.

Features

• Great support of type hints for automatic creation of parsers and minimal boilerplate command line interfaces.
• Non-intrusive/decoupled parsing logic. No need to inherit from a special class or add decorators or use custom type hints.
• Easy to implement configurable dependency injection (object composition).
• Support for nested namespaces making possible to parse config files with non-flat hierarchies.
• Parsing of relative paths within config files and path lists.
• Support for two popular supersets of json: yaml and jsonnet.
• Parsers can be configured just like with python's argparse, thus it has a gentle learning curve.
• Several convenient types and action classes to ease common parsing use cases (paths, comparison operators, json schemas, enums, regex strings, ...).
• Support for command line tab argument completion using argcomplete.

Installation

You can install using pip as:

pip install jsonargparse

By default the only dependency that jsonargparse installs is PyYAML. However, several optional features can be enabled by specifying any of the following extras requires: signatures, jsonschema, jsonnet, urls, argcomplete and reconplogger. There is also the all extras require to enable all optional features. Installing jsonargparse with extras require is as follows:

pip install "jsonargparse[signatures,urls]"  # Enable signatures and URLs features
pip install "jsonargparse[all]"              # Enable all optional features

The following table references sections that describe optional features and the corresponding extras requires that enables them.

Basic usage

There are multiple ways of using jsonargparse. One is to construct low level parsers (see :ref:`parsers`) being almost a drop in replacement of argparse. However, argparse is too verbose and leads to unnecessary duplication. The simplest and recommended way of using jsonargparse is by using the :func:`.CLI` function, which has the benefit of minimizing boilerplate code. A simple example is:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import CLI


    def command(name: str, prize: int = 100):
        """Prints the prize won by a person.

        Args:
            name: Name of winner.
            prize: Amount won.
        """
        print(f"{name} won {prize}€!")


    if __name__ == "__main__":
        CLI(command)

Note that the name and prize parameters have type hints and are described in the docstring. These are shown in the help of the command line tool. In a shell you could see the help and run a command as follows:

$ python example.py --help
...
Prints the prize won by a person:
  name                  Name of winner. (required, type: str)
  --prize PRIZE         Amount won. (type: int, default: 100)

$ python example.py Lucky --prize=1000
Lucky won 1000€!

When :func:`.CLI` receives a single class, the first arguments are for parameters to instantiate the class, then a method name is expected (i.e. methods become :ref:`sub-commands`) and the remaining arguments are for parameters of this method. An example would be:

.. testcode::

    from random import randint
    from jsonargparse import CLI


    class Main:
        def __init__(self, max_prize: int = 100):
            """
            Args:
                max_prize: Maximum prize that can be awarded.
            """
            self.max_prize = max_prize

        def person(self, name: str):
            """
            Args:
                name: Name of winner.
            """
            return f"{name} won {randint(0, self.max_prize)}€!"


    if __name__ == "__main__":
        print(CLI(Main))

Then in a shell you could run:

$ python example.py --max_prize=1000 person Lucky
Lucky won 632€!

If the class given does not have any methods, there will be no sub-commands and :func:`.CLI` will return an instance of the class. For example:

.. testcode::

    from dataclasses import dataclass
    from jsonargparse import CLI


    @dataclass
    class Settings:
        name: str
        prize: int = 100


    if __name__ == "__main__":
        print(CLI(Settings, as_positional=False))

Then in a shell you could run:

$ python example.py --name=Lucky
Settings(name='Lucky', prize=100)

Note the use of as_positional=False to make required arguments as non-positional.

If more than one function is given to :func:`.CLI`, then any of them can be run via :ref:`sub-commands` similar to the single class example above, i.e. example.py function [arguments] where function is the name of the function to execute. If multiple classes or a mixture of functions and classes is given to :func:`.CLI`, to execute a method of a class, two levels of :ref:`sub-commands` are required. The first sub-command would be the name of the class and the second the name of the method, i.e. example.py class [init_arguments] method [arguments].

Writing configuration files

All tools implemented with the :func:`.CLI` function have the --config option to provide settings in a config file (more details in :ref:`configuration-files`). This becomes very useful when the number of configurable parameters is large. To ease the writing of config files, there is also the option --print_config which prints to standard output a yaml with all settings that the tool supports with their default values. Users of the tool can be advised to follow the following steps:

# Dump default configuration to have as reference
python example.py --print_config > config.yaml
# Modify the config as needed (all default settings can be removed)
nano config.yaml
# Run the tool using the adapted config
python example.py --config config.yaml

Comparison to Fire

The :func:`.CLI` feature is similar to and inspired by Fire. However, there are fundamental differences. First, the purpose is not allowing to call any python object from the command line. It is only intended for running functions and classes specifically written for this purpose. Second, the arguments are expected to have type hints, and the given values will be validated according to these. Third, the return values of the functions are not automatically printed. :func:`.CLI` returns the value and it is up to the developer to decide what to do with it.

Tutorials

• "jsonargparse - Say goodbye to configuration hassles" by Marianne Stecklina at PyCon DE & PyData Berlin 2022

  • Presentation video: https://youtu.be/2gDf2S0nHKg
  • GitHub repository: https://github.com/stecklin/pycon22-jsonargparse

Parsers

An argument parser is created just like it is done with python's argparse. You import the module, create a parser object and then add arguments to it. A simple example would be:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    parser = ArgumentParser(prog="app", description="Description for my app.")

    parser.add_argument("--opt1", type=int, default=0, help="Help for option 1.")

    parser.add_argument("--opt2", type=float, default=1.0, help="Help for option 2.")

After creating the parser, you can use it to parse command line arguments with the :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_args` function, after which you get an object with the parsed values or defaults available as attributes. For illustrative purposes giving to :func:`parse_args` a list of arguments (instead of automatically getting them from the command line arguments), with the parser shown above you would observe:

>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--opt2", "2.3"])
>>> cfg.opt1, type(cfg.opt1)
(0, <class 'int'>)
>>> cfg.opt2, type(cfg.opt2)
(2.3, <class 'float'>)

If the parsing fails the standard behavior is that the usage is printed and the program is terminated. Alternatively you can initialize the parser with exit_on_error=False in which case an :class:`.ArgumentError` is raised.

Override order

Final parsed values depend on different sources, namely: source code, command line arguments, :ref:`configuration-files` and :ref:`environment-variables`. Values are overridden based on the following precedence:

1. Defaults defined in the source code.
2. Existing default config files in the order defined in default_config_files, e.g. ~/.config/myapp.yaml.
3. Full config environment variable, e.g. APP_CONFIG.
4. Individual key environment variables, e.g. APP_OPT1.
5. Command line arguments in order left to right (might include config files).

Depending on the parse method used (see :class:`.ArgumentParser`) and how the parser was built, some of the options above might not apply. Parsing of environment variables must be explicitly enabled, except if using :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_env`. If the parser does not have an :class:`.ActionConfigFile` argument, then there is no parsing of a full config environment variable or a way to provide a config file from command line.

Capturing parsers

It can be common practice to have a function that implements an entire CLI or a function that constructs a parser conditionally based on some parameters and then parses. For example, one might have:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser


    def main_cli():
        parser = ArgumentParser()
        ...
        cfg = parser.parse_args()
        ...


    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main_cli()

For some use cases it is necessary to get an instance of the parser object, without doing any parsing. For instance sphinx-argparse can be used to include the help of CLIs in automatically generated documentation of a package. To use sphinx-argparse it is necessary to have a function that returns the parser. Having a CLI function this could be easily implemented with :func:`.capture_parser` as follows:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import capture_parser


    def get_parser():
        return capture_parser(main_cli)

Type hints

An important feature of jsonargparse is a wide support the argument types and respective validation. This extended support makes use of Python's type hint syntax. For example, an argument that can be None or a float in the range (0, 1) or a positive int could be added using a type hint as follows:

.. testcode::

    from typing import Optional, Union
    from jsonargparse.typing import PositiveInt, OpenUnitInterval

    parser.add_argument("--op", type=Optional[Union[PositiveInt, OpenUnitInterval]])

The types in :py:mod:`jsonargparse.typing` are included for convenience since they are useful in argument parsing use cases and not available in standard python. However, there is no need to use jsonargparse specific types.

A wide range of type hints are supported and with arbitrary complexity/nesting. Some notes about this support are:

• Nested types are supported as long as at least one child type is supported. By nesting it is meant child types inside List, Dict, etc. There is no limit in nesting depth.
• Postponed evaluation of types PEP 563 (i.e. from __future__ import annotations) is supported. Also supported on python<=3.9 are PEP 585 (i.e. list[<type>], dict[<type>], ... instead of List[<type>], Dict[<type>], ...) and 604 (i.e. <type> | <type> instead of Union[<type>, <type>]).
• Fully supported types are: str, bool (more details in :ref:`boolean-arguments`), int, float, complex, bytes/bytearray (Base64 encoding), range, List (more details in :ref:`list-append`), Iterable, Sequence, Any, Union, Optional, Type, Enum, PathLike, UUID, timedelta, restricted types as explained in sections :ref:`restricted-numbers` and :ref:`restricted-strings` and paths and URLs as explained in sections :ref:`parsing-paths` and :ref:`parsing-urls`.
• Dict, Mapping, and MutableMapping are supported but only with str or int keys. For more details see :ref:`dict-items`.
• Tuple, Set and MutableSet are supported even though they can't be represented in json distinguishable from a list. Each Tuple element position can have its own type and will be validated as such. Tuple with ellipsis (Tuple[type, ...]) is also supported. In command line arguments, config files and environment variables, tuples and sets are represented as an array.
• To set a value to None it is required to use null since this is how json/yaml defines it. To avoid confusion in the help, NoneType is displayed as null. For example a function argument with type and default Optional[str] = None would be shown in the help as type: Union[str, null], default: null.
• Normal classes can be used as a type, which are specified with a dict containing class_path and optionally init_args. :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` can be used to instantiate all classes in a config object. For more details see :ref:`sub-classes`.
• dataclasses are supported even when nested. Final classes, attrs' define decorator, and pydantic's dataclass decorator and BaseModel classes are supported and behave like standard dataclasses. For more details see :ref:`dataclass-like`. If a dataclass is mixed inheriting from a normal class, it is considered a subclass type instead of a dataclass.
• Pydantic types are supported. There might be edge cases which don't work as expected. Please report any encountered issues.
• Callable is supported by either giving a dot import path to a callable object or by giving a dict with a class_path and optionally init_args entries. The specified class must either instantiate into a callable or be a subclass of the return type of the callable. For these cases running :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` will instantiate the class or provide a function that returns the instance of the class. For more details see :ref:`callable-type`. Currently the callable's argument and return types are not validated.

Restricted numbers

It is quite common that when parsing a number, its range should be limited. To ease these cases the module jsonargparse.typing includes some predefined types and a function :func:`.restricted_number_type` to define new types. The predefined types are: :class:`.PositiveInt`, :class:`.NonNegativeInt`, :class:`.PositiveFloat`, :class:`.NonNegativeFloat`, :class:`.ClosedUnitInterval` and :class:`.OpenUnitInterval`. Examples of usage are:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse.typing import PositiveInt, PositiveFloat, restricted_number_type

    # float larger than zero
    parser.add_argument("--op1", type=PositiveFloat)
    # between 0 and 10
    from_0_to_10 = restricted_number_type("from_0_to_10", int, [(">=", 0), ("<=", 10)])
    parser.add_argument("--op2", type=from_0_to_10)


    # either int larger than zero or 'off' string
    def int_or_off(x):
        return x if x == "off" else PositiveInt(x)


    parser.add_argument("--op3", type=int_or_off)

Restricted strings

Similar to the restricted numbers, there is a function to create string types that are restricted to match a given regular expression: :func:`.restricted_string_type`. A predefined type is :class:`.Email` which is restricted so that it follows the normal email pattern. For example to add an argument required to be exactly four uppercase letters:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse.typing import Email, restricted_string_type

    CodeType = restricted_string_type("CodeType", "^[A-Z]{4}$")
    parser.add_argument("--code", type=CodeType)
    parser.add_argument("--email", type=Email)

Parsing paths

For some use cases it is necessary to parse file paths, checking its existence and access permissions, but not necessarily opening the file. Moreover, a file path could be included in a config file as relative with respect to the config file's location. After parsing it should be easy to access the parsed file path without having to consider the location of the config file. To help in these situations jsonargparse includes a type generator :func:`.path_type`, some predefined types (e.g. :class:`.Path_fr`).

For example suppose you have a directory with a configuration file app/config.yaml and some data app/data/info.db. The contents of the yaml file is the following:

# File: config.yaml
databases:
  info: data/info.db

To create a parser that checks that the value of databases.info is a file that exists and is readable, the following could be done:

.. testsetup:: paths

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    os.mkdir("app")
    os.mkdir("app/data")
    with open("app/config.yaml", "w") as f:
        f.write("databases:\n  info: data/info.db\n")
    with open("app/data/info.db", "w") as f:
        f.write("info\n")

.. testcleanup:: paths

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

.. testcode:: paths

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser
    from jsonargparse.typing import Path_fr

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--databases.info", type=Path_fr)
    cfg = parser.parse_path("app/config.yaml")

The fr in the type are flags that stand for file and readable. After parsing, the value of databases.info will be an instance of the :class:`.Path` class that allows to get both the original relative path as included in the yaml file, or the corresponding absolute path:

>>> str(cfg.databases.info)
'data/info.db'
>>> cfg.databases.info()  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
'/.../app/data/info.db'

Likewise directories can be parsed using the :class:`.Path_dw` type, which would require a directory to exist and be writeable. New path types can be created using the :func:`.path_type` function. For example to create a type for files that must exist and be both readable and writeable, the command would be Path_frw = path_type('frw'). If the file app/config.yaml is not writeable, then using the type to cast Path_frw('app/config.yaml') would raise a TypeError: File is not writeable exception. For more information of all the mode flags supported, refer to the documentation of the :class:`.Path` class.

The content of a file that a :class:`.Path` instance references can be read by using the :py:meth:`.Path.get_content` method. For the previous example would be info_db = cfg.databases.info.get_content().

An argument with a path type can be given nargs='+' to parse multiple paths. But it might also be wanted to parse a list of paths found in a plain text file or from stdin. For this add the argument with type List[<path_type>] and enable_path=True. To read from stdin give the special string '-'. Example:

.. testsetup:: path_list

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    pathlib.Path("paths.lst").write_text("paths.lst\n")

    parser = ArgumentParser()

    stdin = sys.stdin
    sys.stdin = StringIO("paths.lst\n")

.. testcleanup:: path_list

    sys.stdin = stdin
    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

.. testcode:: path_list

    from jsonargparse.typing import Path_fr

    parser.add_argument("--list", type=List[Path_fr], enable_path=True)
    cfg = parser.parse_args(["--list", "paths.lst"])  # File with list of paths
    cfg = parser.parse_args(["--list", "-"])  # List of paths from stdin

If nargs='+' is given to add_argument with List[<path_type>] and enable_path=True then for each argument a list of paths is generated.

Parsing URLs

The :func:`.path_type` function also supports URLs which after parsing, the :py:meth:`.Path.get_content` method can be used to perform a GET request to the corresponding URL and retrieve its content. For this to work the requests python package is required. Alternatively, :func:`.path_type` can also be used for fsspec supported file systems. The respective optional package(s) will be installed along with jsonargparse if installed with the urls or fsspec extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`.

The 'u' flag is used to parse URLs using requests and the flag 's' to parse fsspec file systems. For example if it is desired that an argument can be either a readable file or URL, the type would be created as Path_fur = path_type('fur'). If the value appears to be a URL, a HEAD request would be triggered to check if it is accessible. To get the content of the parsed path, without needing to care if it is a local file or a URL, the :py:meth:`.Path.get_content` method Scan be used.

If you import from jsonargparse import set_config_read_mode and then run set_config_read_mode(urls_enabled=True) or set_config_read_mode(fsspec_enabled=True), the following functions and classes will also support loading from URLs: :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_path`, :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.get_defaults` (default_config_files argument), :class:`.ActionConfigFile`, :class:`.ActionJsonSchema`, :class:`.ActionJsonnet` and :class:`.ActionParser`. This means that a tool that can receive a configuration file via :class:`.ActionConfigFile` is able to get the content from a URL, thus something like the following would work:

my_tool.py --config http://example.com/config.yaml

Booleans

Parsing boolean arguments is very common, however, the original argparse only has a limited support for them, via store_true and store_false. Furthermore unexperienced users might mistakenly use type=bool which would not provide the intended behavior.

With jsonargparse adding an argument with type=bool the intended action is implemented. If given as values {'yes', 'true'} or {'no', 'false'} the corresponding parsed values would be True or False. For example:

.. testsetup:: boolean

    parser = ArgumentParser()

>>> parser.add_argument("--op1", type=bool, default=False)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--op2", type=bool, default=True)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.parse_args(["--op1", "yes", "--op2", "false"])
Namespace(op1=True, op2=False)

Sometimes it is also useful to define two paired options, one to set True and the other to set False. The :class:`.ActionYesNo` class makes this straightforward. A couple of examples would be:

.. testsetup:: yes_no

    parser = ArgumentParser()

.. testcode:: yes_no

    from jsonargparse import ActionYesNo

    # --opt1 for true and --no_opt1 for false.
    parser.add_argument("--op1", action=ActionYesNo)
    # --with-opt2 for true and --without-opt2 for false.
    parser.add_argument("--with-op2", action=ActionYesNo(yes_prefix="with-", no_prefix="without-"))

If the :class:`.ActionYesNo` class is used in conjunction with nargs='?' the options can also be set by giving as value any of {'true', 'yes', 'false', 'no'}.

Enum arguments

Another case of restricted values is string choices. In addition to the common choices given as a list of strings, it is also possible to provide as type an Enum class. This has the added benefit that strings are mapped to some desired values. For example:

.. testsetup:: enum

    parser = ArgumentParser()

>>> import enum
>>> class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
...     choice1 = -1
...     choice2 = 0
...     choice3 = 1
...
>>> parser.add_argument("--op", type=MyEnum)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.parse_args(["--op=choice1"])
Namespace(op=<MyEnum.choice1: -1>)

List append

As detailed before, arguments with List type are supported. By default when specifying an argument value, the previous value is replaced, and this also holds for lists. Thus, a parse such as parser.parse_args(['--list=[1]', '--list=[2, 3]']) would result in a final value of [2, 3]. However, in some cases it might be decided to append to the list instead of replacing. This can be achieved by adding + as suffix to the argument key, for example:

.. testsetup:: append

    parser = ArgumentParser()


    class MyBaseClass:
        pass

>>> parser.add_argument("--list", type=List[int])  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.parse_args(["--list=[1]", "--list+=[2, 3]"])
Namespace(list=[1, 2, 3])
>>> parser.parse_args(["--list=[4]", "--list+=5"])
Namespace(list=[4, 5])

Append is also supported in config files. For instance the following two config files would first assign a list and then append to this list:

# config1.yaml
list:
- 1

# config2.yaml
list+:
- 2
- 3

Appending works for any type for the list elements. Lists with class type elements (see :ref:`sub-classes`) are also supported. To append to the list, first append a new class by using the + suffix. Then init_args for this class are specified like if the type wasn't a list, since the arguments are applied to the last class in the list. Take for example that an argument is added to a parser as:

.. testcode:: append

    parser.add_argument("--list_of_instances", type=List[MyBaseClass])

Thanks to the short notation, command line arguments don't require to specify class_path and init_args. Thus, multiple classes can be appended and its arguments set as follows:

python tool.py \
  --list_of_instances+={CLASS_1_PATH} \
  --list_of_instances.{CLASS_1_ARG_1}=... \
  --list_of_instances.{CLASS_1_ARG_2}=... \
  --list_of_instances+={CLASS_2_PATH} \
  --list_of_instances.{CLASS_2_ARG_1}=... \
  ...
  --list_of_instances+={CLASS_N_PATH} \
  --list_of_instances.{CLASS_N_ARG_1}=... \
  ...

Once a new class has been appended to the list, it is not possible to modify the arguments of a previous class. This limitation is by intention since it forces classes and its arguments to be defined in order, making the command line call intuitive to write and understand.

Dict items

When an argument has Dict as type, the value can be set using json format, e.g.:

.. testsetup:: dict_items

    parser = ArgumentParser()

>>> parser.add_argument("--dict", type=dict)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.parse_args(['--dict={"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"}'])
Namespace(dict={'key1': 'val1', 'key2': 'val2'})

Similar to lists, providing a second argument with value a json dict completely replaces the previous value. Setting individual dict items without replacing can be achieved as follows:

>>> parser.parse_args(["--dict.key1=val1", "--dict.key2=val2"])
Namespace(dict={'key1': 'val1', 'key2': 'val2'})

Dataclass-like classes

In contrast to subclasses, which requires the user to provide a class_path, in some cases it is not expected to have subclasses. In this case the init args are given directly in a dictionary without specifying a class_path. This is the behavior for standard dataclasses, final classes, attrs' define decorator, and pydantic's dataclass decorator and BaseModel classes.

As an example, take a class that is decorated with :func:`.final`, meaning that it shouldn't be subclassed. The code below would accept the corresponding yaml structure.

.. testsetup:: final_classes

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    with open("config.yaml", "w") as f:
        f.write("data:\n  number: 8\n  accepted: true\n")

.. testcleanup:: final_classes

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

.. testcode:: final_classes

    from jsonargparse.typing import final


    @final
    class FinalClass:
        def __init__(self, number: int = 0, accepted: bool = False):
            ...


    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--data", type=FinalClass)
    cfg = parser.parse_path("config.yaml")

data:
  number: 8
  accepted: true

Callable type

When using Callable as type, the parser accepts several options. The first option is the import path of a callable object, for example:

.. testsetup:: callable

    parser = ArgumentParser()

.. testcode:: callable

    parser.add_argument("--callable", type=Callable)
    parser.parse_args(["--callable=time.sleep"])

A second option is a class that once instantiated becomes callable:

.. testcode:: callable

    class OffsetSum:
        def __init__(self, offset: int):
            self.offset = offset

        def __call__(self, value: int):
            return self.offset + value

.. testcode:: callable
    :hide:

    doctest_mock_class_in_main(OffsetSum)

>>> value = {
...     "class_path": "__main__.OffsetSum",
...     "init_args": {
...         "offset": 3,
...     },
... }

>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--callable", str(value)])
>>> cfg.callable
Namespace(class_path='__main__.OffsetSum', init_args=Namespace(offset=3))
>>> init = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg)
>>> init.callable(5)
8

The third option is only applicable when the type is a callable that has a class as return type or a Union including a class. This is useful to support dependency injection for classes that require a parameter that is only available after injection. The parser supports this automatically by providing a function that receives this parameter and returns the instance of the class. Take for example the classes:

.. testcode:: callable

    class Optimizer:
        def __init__(self, params: Iterable):
            self.params = params


    class SGD(Optimizer):
        def __init__(self, params: Iterable, lr: float):
            super().__init__(params)
            self.lr = lr

.. testcode:: callable
    :hide:

    doctest_mock_class_in_main(SGD)

A possible parser and callable behavior would be:

>>> value = {
...     "class_path": "SGD",
...     "init_args": {
...         "lr": 0.01,
...     },
... }

>>> parser.add_argument("--optimizer", type=Callable[[Iterable], Optimizer])  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--optimizer", str(value)])
>>> cfg.optimizer
Namespace(class_path='__main__.SGD', init_args=Namespace(lr=0.01))
>>> init = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg)
>>> optimizer = init.optimizer([1, 2, 3])
>>> isinstance(optimizer, SGD)
True
>>> optimizer.params, optimizer.lr
([1, 2, 3], 0.01)

If the same type above is used as type hint of a parameter of another class, a default can be set using a lambda, for example:

.. testcode:: callable

    class Model:
        def __init__(
            self,
            optimizer: Callable[[Iterable], Optimizer] = lambda p: SGD(p, lr=0.05),
        ):
            self.optimizer = optimizer

Then a parser and behavior could be:

>>> parser.add_class_arguments(Model, 'model')
>>> cfg = parser.get_defaults()
>>> cfg.model.optimizer
Namespace(class_path='__main__.SGD', init_args=Namespace(lr=0.05))
>>> init = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg)
>>> optimizer = init.model.optimizer([1, 2, 3])
>>> optimizer.params, optimizer.lr
([1, 2, 3], 0.05)

See :ref:`ast-resolver` for limitations of lambda defaults.

Registering types

With the :func:`.register_type` function it is possible to register additional types for use in jsonargparse parsers. If the type class can be instantiated with a string representation and casting the instance to str gives back the string representation, then only the type class is given to :func:`.register_type`. For example in the jsonargparse.typing package this is how complex numbers are registered: register_type(complex). For other type classes that don't have these properties, to register it might be necessary to provide a serializer and/or deserializer function. Including the serializer and deserializer functions, the registration of the complex numbers example is equivalent to register_type(complex, serializer=str, deserializer=complex).

A more useful example could be registering the datetime class. This case requires to give both a serializer and a deserializer as seen below.

.. testcode::

    from datetime import datetime
    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser
    from jsonargparse.typing import register_type


    def serializer(v):
        return v.isoformat()


    def deserializer(v):
        return datetime.strptime(v, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")


    register_type(datetime, serializer, deserializer)

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--datetime", type=datetime)
    parser.parse_args(["--datetime=2008-09-03T20:56:35"])

Nested namespaces

A difference with respect to basic argparse is, that by using dot notation in the argument names, you can define a hierarchy of nested namespaces. For example you could do the following:

>>> parser = ArgumentParser(prog="app")
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt1", default="from default 1")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt2", default="from default 2")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> cfg = parser.get_defaults()
>>> cfg.lev1.opt1
'from default 1'
>>> cfg.lev1.opt2
'from default 2'

A group of nested options can be created by using a dataclass. This has the advantage that the same options can be reused in multiple places of a project. An example analogous to the one above would be:

.. testcode::

    from dataclasses import dataclass


    @dataclass
    class Level1Options:
        """Level 1 options
        Args:
            opt1: Option 1
            opt2: Option 2
        """

        opt1: str = "from default 1"
        opt2: str = "from default 2"


    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--lev1", type=Level1Options, default=Level1Options())

The :class:`.Namespace` class is an extension of the one from argparse, having some additional features. In particular, keys can be accessed like a dictionary either with individual keys, e.g. cfg['lev1']['opt1'], or a single one, e.g. cfg['lev1.opt1']. Also the class has a method :py:meth:`.Namespace.as_dict` that can be used to represent the nested namespace as a nested dictionary. This is useful for example for class instantiation.

Configuration files

An important feature of jsonargparse is the parsing of yaml/json files. The dot notation hierarchy of the arguments (see :ref:`nested-namespaces`) are used for the expected structure in the config files.

The :py:attr:`.ArgumentParser.default_config_files` property can be set when creating a parser to specify patterns to search for configuration files. For example if a parser is created as ArgumentParser(default_config_files=['~/.myapp.yaml', '/etc/myapp.yaml']), when parsing if any of those two config files exist it will be parsed and used to override the defaults. All matched config files are parsed and applied in the given order. The default config files are always parsed first, this means that any command line argument will override its values.

It is also possible to add an argument to explicitly provide a configuration file path. Providing a config file as an argument does not disable the parsing of default_config_files. The config argument would be parsed in the specific position among the command line arguments. Therefore the arguments found after would override the values from that config file. The config argument can be given multiple times, each overriding the values of the previous. Using the example parser from the :ref:`nested-namespaces` section above, we could have the following config file in yaml format:

# File: example.yaml
lev1:
  opt1: from yaml 1
  opt2: from yaml 2

Then in python adding a config file argument and parsing some dummy arguments, the following would be observed:

.. testsetup:: config

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    with open("example.yaml", "w") as f:
        f.write("lev1:\n  opt1: from yaml 1\n  opt2: from yaml 2\n")

.. testcleanup:: config

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

>>> from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, ActionConfigFile
>>> parser = ArgumentParser()
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt1", default="from default 1")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt2", default="from default 2")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--config", action=ActionConfigFile)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--lev1.opt1", "from arg 1", "--config", "example.yaml", "--lev1.opt2", "from arg 2"])
>>> cfg.lev1.opt1
'from yaml 1'
>>> cfg.lev1.opt2
'from arg 2'

Instead of providing a path to a configuration file, a string with the configuration content can also be provided.

>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--config", '{"lev1":{"opt1":"from string 1"}}'])
>>> cfg.lev1.opt1
'from string 1'

The config file can also be provided as an environment variable as explained in section :ref:`environment-variables`. The configuration file environment variable is the first one to be parsed. Any other argument provided through an environment variable would override the config file one.

A configuration file or string can also be parsed without parsing command line arguments. The methods for this are :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_path` and :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_string` to parse a config file or a config string respectively.

Serialization

Parsers that have an :class:`.ActionConfigFile` argument also include a --print_config option. This is useful particularly for command line tools with a large set of options to create an initial config file including all default values. If the ruyaml package is installed, the config can be printed having the help descriptions content as yaml comments by using --print_config=comments. Another option is --print_config=skip_null which skips entries whose value is null.

From within python it is also possible to serialize a config object by using either the :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.dump` or :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.save` methods. Three formats with a particular style are supported: yaml, json and json_indented. It is possible to add more dumping formats by using the :func:`.set_dumper` function. For example to allow dumping using PyYAML's default_flow_style do the following:

.. testcode::

    import yaml
    from jsonargparse import set_dumper


    def custom_yaml_dump(data):
        return yaml.safe_dump(data, default_flow_style=True)


    set_dumper("yaml_custom", custom_yaml_dump)

Custom loaders

The yaml parser mode (see :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.__init__`) uses for loading a subclass of yaml.SafeLoader with two modifications. First, it supports float's scientific notation, e.g. '1e-3' => 0.001 (unlike default PyYAML which considers '1e-3' a string). Second, text within curly braces is considered a string, e.g. '{text}' (unlike default PyYAML which parses this as ``{'text': None}).

It is possible to replace the yaml loader or add a loader as a new parser mode via the :func:`.set_loader` function. For example if you need a custom PyYAML loader it can be registered and used as follows:

.. testcode::

    import yaml
    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, set_loader


    class CustomLoader(yaml.SafeLoader):
        ...


    def custom_yaml_load(stream):
        return yaml.load(stream, Loader=CustomLoader)


    set_loader("yaml_custom", custom_yaml_load)

    parser = ArgumentParser(parser_mode="yaml_custom")

When setting a loader based on a library different from PyYAML, the exceptions that it raises when there are failures should be given to :func:`.set_loader`.

Classes, methods and functions

It is good practice to write python code in which parameters have type hints and these are described in the docstrings. To make this well written code configurable, it wouldn't make sense to duplicate information of types and parameter descriptions. To avoid this duplication, jsonargparse includes methods to automatically add annotated parameters as arguments, see :class:`.SignatureArguments`.

Take for example a class with its init and a method with docstrings as follows:

.. testsetup:: class_method

    sys.argv = ["", "--myclass.init.foo={}", "--myclass.method.bar=0"]


    class MyBaseClass:
        pass

.. testcode:: class_method

    from typing import Dict, Union, List


    class MyClass(MyBaseClass):
        def __init__(self, foo: Dict[str, Union[int, List[int]]], **kwargs):
            """Initializer for MyClass.

            Args:
                foo: Description for foo.
            """
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            ...

        def mymethod(self, bar: float, baz: bool = False):
            """Description for mymethod.

            Args:
                bar: Description for bar.
                baz: Description for baz.
            """
            ...

Both MyClass and mymethod can easily be made configurable, the class initialized and the method executed as follows:

.. testcode:: class_method

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_class_arguments(MyClass, "myclass.init")
    parser.add_method_arguments(MyClass, "mymethod", "myclass.method")

    cfg = parser.parse_args()
    myclass = MyClass(**cfg.myclass.init.as_dict())
    myclass.mymethod(**cfg.myclass.method.as_dict())

The :func:`add_class_arguments` call adds to the myclass.init key the items argument with description as in the docstring, sets it as required since it lacks a default value. When parsed, it is validated according to the type hint, i.e., a dict with values ints or list of ints. Also since the init has the **kwargs argument, the keyword arguments from MyBaseClass are also added to the parser. Similarly, the :func:`add_method_arguments` call adds to the myclass.method key, the arguments value as a required float and flag as an optional boolean with default value false.

Instantiation of several classes added with :func:`add_class_arguments` can be done more simply for an entire config object using :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes`. For the example above running cfg = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg) would result in cfg.myclass.init containing an instance of MyClass initialized with whatever command line arguments were parsed.

When parsing from a configuration file (see :ref:`configuration-files`) all the values can be given in a single config file. For convenience it is also possible that the values for each of the argument groups created by the calls to add signatures methods can be parsed from independent files. This means that for the example above there could be one general config file with contents:

myclass:
  init: myclass.yaml
  method: mymethod.yaml

Then the files myclass.yaml and mymethod.yaml would include the settings for the instantiation of the class and the call to the method respectively.

A wide range of type hints are supported for the signature parameters. For exact details go to section :ref:`type-hints`. Some notes about the add signature methods are:

• All positional only parameters must have a type, otherwise the add arguments functions raise an exception.
• Keyword parameters are ignored if they don't have at least one type that is supported.
• Parameters whose name starts with _ are considered internal and ignored.
• The signature methods have a skip parameter which can be used to exclude adding some arguments, e.g. parser.add_method_arguments(MyClass, 'mymethod', skip={'flag'}).

Docstring parsing

To get parameter docstrings in the parser help, the docstring-parser package is required. This package is included when installing jsonargparse with the signatures extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`.

A couple of options can be configured, both related to docstring parsing speed. By default docstrings are parsed used with docstring_parser.DocstringStyle.AUTO, which means that it is attempted to parse docstrings with all supported styles. If the relevant codebase uses a single style, this is inefficient. A single style can be configured as follows:

.. testcode:: docstrings

    from docstring_parser import DocstringStyle
    from jsonargparse import set_docstring_parse_options

    set_docstring_parse_options(style=DocstringStyle.REST)

The second option that can be configured is the support for attribute docstrings (i.e. literal strings in the line after an attribute is defined). By default this feature is disabled and enabling it makes the parsing slower even for classes that don't have attribute docstrings. To enable, do as follows:

.. testcode:: docstrings

    from dataclasses import dataclass
    from jsonargparse import set_docstring_parse_options

    set_docstring_parse_options(attribute_docstrings=True)


    @dataclass
    class Options:
        """Options for a competition winner."""

        name: str
        """Name of winner."""
        prize: int = 100
        """Amount won."""

.. testcleanup:: docstrings

    set_docstring_parse_options(style=DocstringStyle.GOOGLE)
    set_docstring_parse_options(attribute_docstrings=False)

Classes from functions

In some cases there are functions which return an instance of a class. To add this to a parser such that :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` calls this function, the example above would change to:

.. testsetup:: class_from_function

    class MyClass:
        pass


    def instantiate_myclass() -> MyClass:
        return MyClass()

.. testcode:: class_from_function

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, class_from_function

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    dynamic_class = class_from_function(instantiate_myclass)
    parser.add_class_arguments(dynamic_class, "myclass.init")

Parameter resolvers

Three techniques are implemented for resolving signature parameters. One makes use of python's Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) library and the second is based on assumptions of class inheritance. The AST resolver is used first and only when AST fails, the assumptions resolver is run as fallback. The third resolver uses stub files *.pyi and is applied on top of both the AST and assumptions resolvers.

Unresolved parameters

The parameter resolvers make a best effort to determine the correct names and types that the parser should accept. However, there can be cases not yet supported or cases for which it would be impossible to support. To somewhat overcome these limitations, there is a special key dict_kwargs that can be used to provide arguments that will not be validated during parsing, but will be used for class instantiation. It is called dict_kwargs because there are use cases in which **kwargs is used just as a dict, thus it also serves that purpose.

Take for example the following parsing and instantiation:

.. testsetup:: unresolved

    sys.argv = ["", "--myclass=MyClass"]


    class MyClass:
        def __init__(self, foo: int = 0, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            ...


    MyClass.__module__ = "jsonargparse_tests"
    jsonargparse_tests.MyClass = MyClass

.. testcode:: unresolved

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--myclass", type=MyClass)
    cfg = parser.parse_args()
    cfg_init = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg)

If MyClass.__init__ has **kwargs with some unresolved parameters, the following could be a valid config file:

class_path: MyClass
init_args:
  foo: 1
dict_kwargs:
  bar: 2

The value for bar will not be validated, but the class will be instantiated as MyClass(foo=1, bar=2).

Assumptions resolver

The assumptions resolver only considers classes. Whenever the __init__ method has *args and/or **kwargs, the resolver assumes that these are directly forwarded to the next parent class, i.e. __init__ includes a line like super().__init__(*args, **kwargs). Thus, it blindly collects the __init__ parameters of parent classes. The collected parameters will be incorrect if the code does not follow this pattern. This is why it is only used as fallback when the AST resolver fails.

AST resolver

The AST resolver analyzes the source code and tries to figure out how the *args and **kwargs are used to further find more accepted parameters. This type of resolving is limited to a few specific cases since there are endless possibilities for what code can do. The supported cases are illustrated below. Bear in mind that the code does not need to be exactly like this. The important detail is how *args and **kwargs are used, not other parameters, or the names of variables, or the complexity of the code that is unrelated to these variables.

.. testsetup:: ast_resolver

    class BaseClass:
        pass


    class SomeClass:
        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
            pass


    class ChildClass(BaseClass):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass

Cases for statements in functions or methods

.. testcode:: ast_resolver

    def calls_a_function(*args, **kwargs):
        a_function(*args, **kwargs)


    def calls_a_method(*args, **kwargs):
        an_instance = SomeClass()
        an_instance.a_method(*args, **kwargs)


    def calls_a_static_method(*args, **kwargs):
        an_instance = SomeClass()
        an_instance.a_static_method(*args, **kwargs)


    def calls_a_class_method(*args, **kwargs):
        SomeClass.a_class_method(*args, **kwargs)


    def pops_from_kwargs(**kwargs):
        val = kwargs.pop("name", "default")


    def gets_from_kwargs(**kwargs):
        val = kwargs.get("name", "default")


    def constant_conditional(**kwargs):
        if global_boolean_1:
            first_function(**kwargs)
        elif not global_boolean_2:
            second_function(**kwargs)
        else:
            third_function(**kwargs)

Cases for classes

.. testcode:: ast_resolver

    class PassThrough(BaseClass):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)


    class CallMethod:
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            self.a_method(*args, **kwargs)


    class AttributeUseInMethod:
        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
            self._kwargs = kwargs

        def a_method(self):
            a_callable(**self._kwargs)


    class AttributeUseInProperty:
        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
            self._kwargs = kwargs

        @property
        def a_property(self):
            return a_callable(**self._kwargs)


    class DictUpdateUseInMethod:
        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
            self._kwargs = dict(p1=1)  # Can also be: self._kwargs = {'p1': 1}
            self._kwargs.update(**kwargs)  # Can also be: self._kwargs = dict(p1=1, **kwargs)

        def a_method(self):
            a_callable(**self._kwargs)


    class InstanceInClassmethod:
        @classmethod
        def get_instance(cls, **kwargs):
            return cls(**kwargs)


    class NonImmediateSuper(BaseClass):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(BaseClass, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

Cases for class instance defaults

.. testcode:: ast_resolver

    # Class instance: only keyword arguments with ``ast.Constant` value
    class_instance: SomeClass = SomeClass(param=1)

    # Lambda returning class instance: only keyword arguments with ``ast.Constant` value
    class_instance: Callable[[type], BaseClass] = lambda a: ChildClass(a, param=2.3)

There can be other parameters apart from *args and **kwargs, thus in the cases above, the signatures can be for example like name(p1: int, k1: str = 'a', **kws). Also when internally calling some function or instantiating a class, there can be additional parameters. For example in:

.. testcode::

    def calls_a_function(*args, **kwargs):
        a_function(*args, param=1, **kwargs)

The param parameter would be excluded from the resolved parameters because it is internally hard coded.

A special case which is supported but with caveats, is multiple calls that use **kwargs. For example:

.. testcode:: ast_resolver

    def conditional_calls(**kwargs):
        if condition_1:
            first_function(**kwargs)
        elif condition_2:
            second_function(**kwargs)
        else:
            third_function(**kwargs)

The resolved parameters that have the same type hint and default accross all calls are supported normally. When there is a discrepancy between the calls, the parameters behave differently and are shown in the help in special "Conditional arguments" sections. The main difference is that these arguments are not included in :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.get_defaults` or the output of --print_config. This is necessary because the parser does not know which of the calls will be used at runtime, and adding them would cause :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` to fail due to unexpected keyword arguments.

Stubs resolver

The stubs resolver makes use of the typeshed-client package to identify parameters and their type hints from stub files *.pyi. To enable this resolver, install jsonargparse with the signatures extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`.

Many of the types defined in stub files use the latest syntax for type hints, that is, bitwise or operator | for unions and generics, e.g. list[<type>] instead of typing.List[<type>], see PEPs 604 and 585. On python>=3.10 these are fully supported. On python<=3.9 backporting these types is attempted and in some cases it can fail. On failure the type annotation is set to Any.

Most of the types in the Python standard library have their types in stubs. An example from the standard library would be:

>>> from random import uniform

>>> parser = ArgumentParser()
>>> parser.add_function_arguments(uniform, "uniform")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.parse_args(["--uniform.a=0.7", "--uniform.b=3.4"])
Namespace(uniform=Namespace(a=0.7, b=3.4))

Without the stubs resolver, the :py:meth:`.SignatureArguments.add_function_arguments` call requires the fail_untyped=False option. This has the disadvantage that type Any is given to the a and b arguments, instead of float. And this means that the parser would not fail if given an invalid value, for instance a string.

Class type and sub-classes

It is also possible to use an arbitrary class as a type such that the argument accepts this class or any derived subclass. In the config file a class is represented by a dictionary with a class_path entry indicating the dot notation expression to import the class, and optionally some init_args that would be used to instantiate it. When parsing, it will be checked that the class can be imported, that it is a subclass of the given type and that init_args values correspond to valid arguments to instantiate it. After parsing, the config object will include the class_path and init_args entries. To get a config object with all sub-classes instantiated, the :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` method is used. The skip parameter of the signature methods can also be used to exclude arguments within subclasses. This is done by giving its relative destination key, i.e. as param.init_args.subparam.

A simple example would be having some config file config.yaml as:

myclass:
  calendar:
    class_path: calendar.Calendar
    init_args:
      firstweekday: 1

Then in python:

.. testsetup:: subclasses

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    with open("config.yaml", "w") as f:
        f.write("myclass:\n  calendar:\n    class_path: calendar.Calendar\n    init_args:\n      firstweekday: 1\n")

.. testcleanup:: subclasses

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

>>> from calendar import Calendar

>>> class MyClass:
...     def __init__(self, calendar: Calendar):
...         self.calendar = calendar
...

>>> parser = ArgumentParser()
>>> parser.add_class_arguments(MyClass, "myclass")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT

>>> cfg = parser.parse_path("config.yaml")
>>> cfg.myclass.calendar.as_dict()
{'class_path': 'calendar.Calendar', 'init_args': {'firstweekday': 1}}

>>> cfg = parser.instantiate_classes(cfg)
>>> cfg.myclass.calendar.getfirstweekday()
1

In this example the class_path points to the same class used for the type. But a subclass of Calendar with an extended set of init parameters would also work.

An individual argument can also be added having as type a class, i.e. parser.add_argument('--calendar', type=Calendar). There is also another method :py:meth:`.SignatureArguments.add_subclass_arguments` which does the same as add_argument, but has some added benefits: 1) the argument is added in a new group automatically; 2) the argument values can be given in an independent config file by specifying a path to it; and 3) by default sets a useful metavar and help strings.

Command line

The help of the parser does not show details for a type class since this depends on the subclass. To get details for a particular subclass there is a specific help option that receives the import path. Take for example a parser defined as:

.. testcode::

    from calendar import Calendar
    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--calendar", type=Calendar)

The help for a corresponding subclass could be printed as:

python tool.py --calendar.help calendar.TextCalendar

In the command line, a subclass can be specified through multiple command line arguments:

python tool.py \
  --calendar.class_path calendar.TextCalendar \
  --calendar.init_args.firstweekday 1

For convenience, the arguments can be somewhat shorter by omitting .class_path and .init_args and only specifying the name of the subclass instead of the full import path.

python tool.py --calendar TextCalendar --calendar.firstweekday 1

Specifying the name of the subclass works for subclasses in modules that have been imported before parsing. Abstract classes and private classes (module or name starting with '_') are not considered. All the subclasses resolvable by its name can be seen in the general help python tool.py --help.

Default values

For a parameter that has a class as type, it might also be wanted to set a default value for it. Special care must be taken when doing this, could be considered bad practice and be a good idea to avoid in most cases. The issue is that classes are normally mutable. Depending on how the parameter value is used, its default class instance in the signature could be changed. This goes against what a default value is expected to be and lead to bugs which are difficult to debug.

Since there are some legitimate use cases for class instances in defaults, they are supported with a particular behavior and recommendations. An example is:

.. testcode:: instance_default

    class MyClass:
        def __init__(
            self,
            calendar: Calendar = Calendar(firstweekday=1),
        ):
            self.calendar = calendar

Adding this class to a parser will work without issues. The :ref:`ast-resolver` in limited cases determines how to instantiate the original default. The parsing methods would provide a dict with class_path and init_args instead of the class instance. Furthermore, if :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` is used, a new instance of the class is created, thereby avoiding issues related to the mutability of the default.

Since the :ref:`ast-resolver` only supports limited cases, or when the source code is not available, a second approach is to use the special function :func:`.lazy_instance` to instantiate the default. Continuing with the same example above, this would be:

.. testcode:: instance_default

    from jsonargparse import lazy_instance


    class MyClass:
        def __init__(
            self,
            calendar: Calendar = lazy_instance(Calendar, firstweekday=1),
        ):
            self.calendar = calendar

Like this, the parsed default will be a dict with class_path and init_args, again avoiding the risk of mutability.

Argument linking

Some use cases could require adding arguments from multiple classes and some parameters get a value automatically computed from other arguments. This behavior can be obtained by using the :py:meth:`.ArgumentLinking.link_arguments` method.

There are two types of links, defined with apply_on='parse' or apply_on='instantiate'. As the names suggest, the former are set when calling one of the parse methods and the latter are set when calling :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes`.

For parsing links, source keys can be individual arguments or nested groups. The target key has to be a single argument. The keys can be inside init_args of a subclass. The compute function should accept as many positional arguments as there are sources and return a value of type compatible with the target. An example would be the following:

.. testcode::

    class Model:
        def __init__(self, batch_size: int):
            self.batch_size = batch_size


    class Data:
        def __init__(self, batch_size: int = 5):
            self.batch_size = batch_size


    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_class_arguments(Model, "model")
    parser.add_class_arguments(Data, "data")
    parser.link_arguments("data.batch_size", "model.batch_size", apply_on="parse")

As argument and in config files only data.batch_size should be specified. Then whatever value it has will be propagated to model.batch_size.

For instantiation links, sources can be class groups (added with :py:meth:`.SignatureArguments.add_class_arguments`) or subclass arguments (see :ref:`sub-classes`). The source key can be the entire instantiated object or an attribute of the object. The target key has to be a single argument and can be inside init_args of a subclass. The order of instantiation used by :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` is automatically determined based on the links. The set of all instantiation links must be a directed acyclic graph. An example would be the following:

.. testcode::

    class Model:
        def __init__(self, num_classes: int):
            self.num_classes = num_classes


    class Data:
        def __init__(self):
            self.num_classes = get_num_classes()


    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_class_arguments(Model, "model")
    parser.add_class_arguments(Data, "data")
    parser.link_arguments("data.num_classes", "model.num_classes", apply_on="instantiate")

This link would imply that :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.instantiate_classes` instantiates :class:`Data` first, then use the num_classes attribute to instantiate :class:`Model`.

Variable interpolation

One of the possible reasons to add a parser mode (see :ref:`custom-loaders`) can be to have support for variable interpolation in yaml files. Any library could be used to implement a loader and configure a mode for it. Without needing to implement a loader function, an omegaconf parser mode is available out of the box when this package is installed.

Take for example a yaml file as:

server:
  host: localhost
  port: 80
client:
  url: http://${server.host}:${server.port}/

.. testsetup:: omegaconf

    example = """
    server:
      host: localhost
      port: 80
    client:
      url: http://${server.host}:${server.port}/
    """
    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    with open("example.yaml", "w") as f:
        f.write(example)

.. testcleanup:: omegaconf

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

This yaml could be parsed as follows:

>>> @dataclass
... class ServerOptions:
...     host: str
...     port: int
...

>>> @dataclass
... class ClientOptions:
...     url: str
...

>>> parser = ArgumentParser(parser_mode="omegaconf")
>>> parser.add_argument("--server", type=ServerOptions)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--client", type=ClientOptions)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--config", action=ActionConfigFile)  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT

>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--config=example.yaml"])
>>> cfg.client.url
'http://localhost:80/'

Environment variables

The jsonargparse parsers can also get values from environment variables. The parser checks existing environment variables whose name is of the form [PREFIX_][LEV__]*OPT, that is, all in upper case, first a prefix (set by env_prefix, or if unset the prog without extension or none if set to False) followed by underscore and then the argument name replacing dots with two underscores. Using the parser from the :ref:`nested-namespaces` section above, in your shell you would set the environment variables as:

export APP_LEV1__OPT1='from env 1'
export APP_LEV1__OPT2='from env 2'

Then in python the parser would use these variables, unless overridden by the command line arguments, that is:

.. testsetup:: env

    os.environ["APP_LEV1__OPT1"] = "from env 1"
    os.environ["APP_LEV1__OPT2"] = "from env 2"

>>> parser = ArgumentParser(env_prefix="APP", default_env=True)
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt1", default="from default 1")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> parser.add_argument("--lev1.opt2", default="from default 2")  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT
>>> cfg = parser.parse_args(["--lev1.opt1", "from arg 1"])
>>> cfg.lev1.opt1
'from arg 1'
>>> cfg.lev1.opt2
'from env 2'

Note that when creating the parser, default_env=True was given. By default :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_args` does not parse environment variables. If default_env is left unset, environment variable parsing can also be enabled by setting in your shell JSONARGPARSE_DEFAULT_ENV=true.

There is also the :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_env` function to only parse environment variables, which might be useful for some use cases in which there is no command line call involved.

If a parser includes an :class:`.ActionConfigFile` argument, then the environment variable for this config file will be parsed before all the other environment variables.

Sub-commands

A way to define parsers in a modular way is what in argparse is known as sub-commands. However, to promote modularity, in jsonargparse sub-commands work a bit different than in argparse. To add sub-commands to a parser, the :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.add_subcommands` method is used. Then an existing parser is added as a sub-command using :func:`.add_subcommand`. In a parsed config object the sub-command will be stored in the subcommand entry (or whatever dest was set to), and the values of the sub-command will be in an entry with the same name as the respective sub-command. An example of defining a parser with sub-commands is the following:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    ...
    parser_subcomm1 = ArgumentParser()
    parser_subcomm1.add_argument("--op1")
    ...
    parser_subcomm2 = ArgumentParser()
    parser_subcomm2.add_argument("--op2")
    ...
    parser = ArgumentParser(prog="app")
    parser.add_argument("--op0")
    subcommands = parser.add_subcommands()
    subcommands.add_subcommand("subcomm1", parser_subcomm1)
    subcommands.add_subcommand("subcomm2", parser_subcomm2)

Then some examples of parsing are the following:

>>> parser.parse_args(["subcomm1", "--op1", "val1"])
Namespace(op0=None, subcomm1=Namespace(op1='val1'), subcommand='subcomm1')
>>> parser.parse_args(["--op0", "val0", "subcomm2", "--op2", "val2"])
Namespace(op0='val0', subcomm2=Namespace(op2='val2'), subcommand='subcomm2')

Parsing config files with :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_path` or :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_string` is also possible. The config file is not required to specify a value for subcommand. For the example parser above a valid yaml would be:

# File: example.yaml
op0: val0
subcomm1:
  op1: val1

Parsing of environment variables works similar to :class:`.ActionParser`. For the example parser above, all environment variables for subcomm1 would have as prefix APP_SUBCOMM1_ and likewise for subcomm2 as prefix APP_SUBCOMM2_. The sub-command to use could be chosen by setting environment variable APP_SUBCOMMAND.

It is possible to have multiple levels of sub-commands. With multiple levels there is one basic requirement: the sub-commands must be added in the order of the levels. This is, first call :func:`add_subcommands` and :func:`add_subcommand` for the first level. Only after do the same for the second level, and so on.

Json schemas

The :class:`.ActionJsonSchema` class is provided to allow parsing and validation of values using a json schema. This class requires the jsonschema python package. Though note that jsonschema is not a requirement of the minimal jsonargparse install. To enable this functionality install with the jsonschema extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`.

Check out the jsonschema documentation to learn how to write a schema. The current version of jsonargparse uses Draft7Validator. Parsing an argument using a json schema is done like in the following example:

>>> from jsonargparse import ActionJsonSchema

>>> schema = {
...     "type": "object",
...     "properties": {
...         "price": {"type": "number"},
...         "name": {"type": "string"},
...     },
... }

>>> parser = ArgumentParser()
>>> parser.add_argument("--json", action=ActionJsonSchema(schema=schema))  # doctest: +IGNORE_RESULT

>>> parser.parse_args(["--json", '{"price": 1.5, "name": "cookie"}'])
Namespace(json={'price': 1.5, 'name': 'cookie'})

Instead of giving a json string as argument value, it is also possible to provide a path to a json/yaml file, which would be loaded and validated against the schema. If the schema defines default values, these will be used by the parser to initialize the config values that are not specified. When adding an argument with the :class:`.ActionJsonSchema` action, you can use "%s" in the help string so that in that position the schema is printed.

Jsonnet files

The Jsonnet support requires jsonschema and jsonnet python packages which are not included with minimal jsonargparse install. To enable this functionality install jsonargparse with the jsonnet extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`.

By default an :class:`.ArgumentParser` parses configuration files as yaml. However, if instantiated giving parser_mode='jsonnet', then :func:`parse_args`, :func:`parse_path` and :func:`parse_string` will expect config files to be in jsonnet format instead. Example:

.. testsetup:: jsonnet

    cwd = os.getcwd()
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="_jsonargparse_doctest_")
    os.chdir(tmpdir)
    with open("example.jsonnet", "w") as f:
        f.write("{}\n")

.. testcleanup:: jsonnet

    os.chdir(cwd)
    shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)

.. testcode:: jsonnet

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, ActionConfigFile

    parser = ArgumentParser(parser_mode="jsonnet")
    parser.add_argument("--config", action=ActionConfigFile)
    cfg = parser.parse_args(["--config", "example.jsonnet"])

Jsonnet files are commonly parametrized, thus requiring external variables for parsing. For these cases, instead of changing the parser mode away from yaml, the :class:`.ActionJsonnet` class can be used. This action allows to define an argument which would be a jsonnet string or a path to a jsonnet file. Moreover, another argument can be specified as the source for any external variables required, which would be either a path to or a string containing a json dictionary of variables. Its use would be as follows:

.. testcode:: jsonnet

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, ActionJsonnet, ActionJsonnetExtVars

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--in_ext_vars", action=ActionJsonnetExtVars())
    parser.add_argument("--in_jsonnet", action=ActionJsonnet(ext_vars="in_ext_vars"))

For example, if a jsonnet file required some external variable param, then the jsonnet and the external variable could be given as:

.. testcode:: jsonnet

    cfg = parser.parse_args(["--in_ext_vars", '{"param": 123}', "--in_jsonnet", "example.jsonnet"])

Note that the external variables argument must be provided before the jsonnet path so that this dictionary already exists when parsing the jsonnet.

The :class:`.ActionJsonnet` class also accepts as argument a json schema, in which case the jsonnet would be validated against this schema right after parsing.

Parsers as arguments

Sometimes it is useful to take an already existing parser that is required standalone in some part of the code, and reuse it to parse an inner node of another more complex parser. For these cases an argument can be defined using the :class:`.ActionParser` class. An example of how to use this class is the following:

.. testcode::

    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser, ActionParser

    inner_parser = ArgumentParser(prog="app1")
    inner_parser.add_argument("--op1")
    ...
    outer_parser = ArgumentParser(prog="app2")
    outer_parser.add_argument("--inner.node", title="Inner node title", action=ActionParser(parser=inner_parser))

When using the :class:`.ActionParser` class, the value of the node in a config file can be either the complex node itself, or the path to a file which will be loaded and parsed with the corresponding inner parser. Naturally using :class:`.ActionConfigFile` to parse a complete config file will parse the inner nodes correctly.

Note that when adding inner_parser a title was given. In the help, the added parsers are shown as independent groups starting with the given title. It is also possible to provide a description.

Regarding environment variables, the prefix of the outer parser will be used to populate the leaf nodes of the inner parser. In the example above, if inner_parser is used to parse environment variables, then as normal APP1_OP1 would be checked to populate option op1. But if outer_parser is used, then APP2_INNER__NODE__OP1 would be checked to populate inner.node.op1.

An important detail to note is that the parsers that are given to :class:`.ActionParser` are internally modified. Therefore, to use the parser both as standalone and as inner node, it is necessary to implement a function that instantiates the parser. This function would be used in one place to get an instance of the parser for standalone parsing, and in some other place use the function to provide an instance of the parser to :class:`.ActionParser`.

Tab completion

Tab completion is available for jsonargparse parsers by using the argcomplete package. There is no need to implement completer functions or to call :func:`argcomplete.autocomplete` since this is done automatically by :py:meth:`.ArgumentParser.parse_args`. The only requirement to enable tab completion is to install argcomplete either directly or by installing jsonargparse with the argcomplete extras require as explained in section :ref:`installation`. Then the tab completion can be enabled globally for all argcomplete compatible tools or for each individual tool. A simple example.py tool would be:

.. testsetup:: tab_completion

    sys.argv = [""]

.. testcode:: tab_completion

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    from typing import Optional
    from jsonargparse import ArgumentParser

    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--bool", type=Optional[bool])

    parser.parse_args()

Then in a bash shell you can add the executable bit to the script, activate tab completion and use it as follows:

$ chmod +x example.py
$ eval "$(register-python-argcomplete example.py)"

$ ./example.py --bool <TAB><TAB>
false  null   true
$ ./example.py --bool f<TAB>
$ ./example.py --bool false

Troubleshooting and logging

The standard behavior for the parse methods, when they fail, is to print a short message and terminate the process with a non-zero exit code. This is problematic during development since there is not enough information to track down the root of the problem. Without the need to change the source code, this default behavior can be changed such that in case of failure, a ParseError exception is raised and the full stack trace is printed. This is done by setting the JSONARGPARSE_DEBUG environment variable to any value.

The parsers from jsonargparse log some basic events, though by default this is disabled. To enable, the logger argument should be set when creating an :class:`.ArgumentParser` object. The intended use is to give as value an already existing logger object which is used for the whole application. For convenience, to enable a default logger the logger argument can also receive True or a string which sets the name of the logger or a dictionary that can include the name and the level, e.g. {"name": "myapp", "level": "ERROR"}. If reconplogger is installed, setting logger to True or a dictionary without specifying a name, then the reconplogger is used. If reconplogger is installed and the JSONARGPARSE_DEBUG environment variable is set, then the logging level becomes DEBUG.