License3j Free License management for Java
License3j is a free and open source Java library to manage license files in Java programs that need technical license management enforcement support. A license file is a special configuration file, which is electronically signed. The library can create, sign such license files and can also check the signature and parameters of the license file when embedded into the licensed application.
Introduction
License3j is a Java library that can be used to create and assert license files. This way, Java programs can enforce the users to compensate for their use of the software in the form of payment. This is the usual way when closed source programs are distributed.
License management alone does not guarantee that the program will not be stolen, pirated or used in any illegal way. However, license management may increase the difficulty to use the program illegally and therefore may drive users to become customers. There is another effect of license management which is a legal aspect. If there is sufficient license management, illegal users have less probability to successfully claim their use was based on the lack of, or on false knowledge of license conditions.
License3j is an open source license manager that you can use free of charge for non-profit purposes…
as well as for profit purposes as well under the license terms covered by Apache 2.0 license as defined on the web page http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
In short
Add the dependency to your project:
<dependency>
<groupId>com.javax0.license3j</groupId>
<artifactId>license3j</artifactId>
<version>3.2.0</version>
</dependency>The following code fragment shows the structure you have to program to check the license:
// load the license using a license reader
try (var reader = new LicenseReader('license.bin')) {
License license = reader.read();
} catch (IOException e) {
error("Error reading license file " + e);
}
// encode the public key into your application
// (you can copy paste this from License3jRepl after key generation, see later)
byte [] key = new byte[] {
(byte)0x30,
(byte)0x81, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0x30, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x06, (byte)0x09, (byte)0x2A, (byte)0x86,
(byte)0x48, (byte)0x86, (byte)0xF7, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x05,
(byte)0x00, (byte)0x03, (byte)0x81, (byte)0x8D, (byte)0x00, (byte)0x30, (byte)0x81, (byte)0x89,
... some lines are deleted as actual values are irrelevant ...
(byte)0xE3, (byte)0xBB, (byte)0xE3, (byte)0xB1, (byte)0x67, (byte)0xAC, (byte)0x2A, (byte)0x9D,
(byte)0x9D, (byte)0x67, (byte)0xB0, (byte)0x9D, (byte)0x3A, (byte)0xDE, (byte)0x48, (byte)0xA5,
(byte)0x2A, (byte)0xE8, (byte)0xBB, (byte)0xC6, (byte)0xE2, (byte)0x39, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x41,
(byte)0xDF, (byte)0x76, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0xA7, (byte)0x02, (byte)0x03, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x00,
(byte)0x01,
};
// check that the license is signed properly
if( !license.isOK(key) ){
// if not signed, stop the application
return;
}
// get a feature and from the feature type specific data, like date, int, long, String...
Date birthday = license.get("bd").getDate();Create keys, license and sign license using a text editor, and/or the REPL application (see below).
What is a license in License3j
A license in License3j is a collection of features. Each feature has
-
a name,
-
a type and
-
a value.
The name can be any string you like, but there are some predefined names that have special meaning for the license management library. A feature’s type can be
-
BINARYcan contain an arbitrary binary value that is retrieved by the Java code as abyte[]array -
STRINGcan contain any string, will be retrieved asjava.lang.String -
BYTEcontains a single byte value. -
SHORTcontains a single short value -
INTcontains an integer (int) value -
LONGcontains a long value -
FLOATcontains a float value -
DOUBLEcontains a double value -
BIGINTEGERcontains a big integer value -
BIGDECIMALcontains a big decimal value -
DATEcontains a date value -
UUIDcontains a UUID value
The value of the different features can be retrieved as the corresponding Java object or a primitive value. There is no automatic conversion between the different types of the features.
When the license is saved to a file, it can be saved binary, base64 or text.
-
BINARY, the format is suitable to store in a file. This is also the shortest, most compact format of the license. It may not be suitable to be sent over the internet inside and eMail and is not directly editable. -
BASE64, the format is the same as the binary format, but it is encoded using the base64 encoding -
TEXT, the format is a human-readable format, suitable for editing in a text editor, looking at the actual content of the license without any special tool. The text format is always encoded UTF-8 a character set.
All three formats are suitable to store the license information, and when a program is protected using License3j it can be programmed to read only one, two and all three formats. The license object created in the JVM memory as a result of reading the license file is the same independent of the source format.
When a program is protected using License3j the application has a small code fragment that checks the existence of a license file, the validity of the license, and it can also use the parameters encoded in the license as license features.
Load a license from a file
To read a license from a file you need a javax0.license3j.io.LicenseReader object
try (var reader = new LicenseReader('license.bin')) {
License license = reader.read();
} catch (IOException e) {
error("Error reading license file " + e);
}This will read the license from the file license.bin assuming the license is there binary formatted.
In case the license file is not readable or has a different format either IOException or IllegalArgumentException will be thrown.
If the license is not binary, the code should use the read method with the format parameter either reader.read(IOFormat.STRING) or reader.read(IOFormat.BASE64).
Check Signature on the license
The license is read from the file even if it is not signed. A license can be signed, unsigned, or it may have a compromised signature. Reading the license does not check either the existence of the signature nor the validity of that. To check the existence, and the validity of the signature, the application needs the public key. Licenses are signed using public key cryptography, where a private key is used to sign the license. The corresponding public key is used to check the authenticity of the signature. The public key can be read from a file, or it can be hard-coded in the application. The latter is recommended.
To embed the public key into the application, you have to have a public key in the first place. To create a key pair, you should start the interactive application available from a separate project at https://github.com/verhas/license3jrepl
$ java -jar license3jrepl.jar
This will start with an interactive prompt where you can enter commands.
The prompt you will see is L3j> $.
To generate a key pair, you have to enter the command:
generateKeys algorithm=RSA size=1024 format=BINARY public=public.key private=private.key
This will generate the public and the private keys and save them into the files public.key and private.key.
The keys also remain loaded into the REPL application.
To embed this key into the application, you can execute the command dumpPublicKey that will dump the Java code to the screen, something like:
--KEY DIGEST START
byte [] digest = new byte[] {
(byte)0xA1,
(byte)0x04, (byte)0x1D, (byte)0x2C, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0x56, (byte)0xFB, (byte)0x06, (byte)0x43,
... some lines are deleted as actual values are irrelevant ...
(byte)0x98, (byte)0xB6, (byte)0xD9, (byte)0x60, (byte)0x51, (byte)0x9E, (byte)0xA2,
};
---KEY DIGEST END
--KEY START
byte [] key = new byte[] {
(byte)0x30,
(byte)0x81, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0x30, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x06, (byte)0x09, (byte)0x2A, (byte)0x86,
(byte)0x48, (byte)0x86, (byte)0xF7, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x05,
(byte)0x00, (byte)0x03, (byte)0x81, (byte)0x8D, (byte)0x00, (byte)0x30, (byte)0x81, (byte)0x89,
... some lines are deleted as actual values are irrelevant ...
(byte)0xE3, (byte)0xBB, (byte)0xE3, (byte)0xB1, (byte)0x67, (byte)0xAC, (byte)0x2A, (byte)0x9D,
(byte)0x9D, (byte)0x67, (byte)0xB0, (byte)0x9D, (byte)0x3A, (byte)0xDE, (byte)0x48, (byte)0xA5,
(byte)0x2A, (byte)0xE8, (byte)0xBB, (byte)0xC6, (byte)0xE2, (byte)0x39, (byte)0x0D, (byte)0x41,
(byte)0xDF, (byte)0x76, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0xA7, (byte)0x02, (byte)0x03, (byte)0x01, (byte)0x00,
(byte)0x01,
};
---KEY ENDThe digest is the SHA-512 digest of the public key. If you want to arrange your code so that it loads the public key from a file or from some external resource you can check the key against the stored digest. This ensures that the key is really the one to use to check the signature. The recommended way, however, is to copy and paste into your application the second array, which is the actual public key.
Having a loaded license and the public key it is fairly straightforward to check the validity of the license. All you have to invoke is
license.isOK(key)This call will return true if the license is signed, and the license signature can be verified using the key argument.
If this call returns false, the license should not be used as a reliable source for usage rights configuration.
When the license is verified, the features can be retrieved using the names of the features.
The call to license.get(name) will return the feature object of the name name.
To get the actual value of the feature you can call feature.getXxx() where Xxx is the feature type.
You can also check the feature’s type calling one of the feature.isXxx() but, honestly, your code has to know it.
You create the license, and you check the license is intact using digital signature before calling any of the getXxx() methods, thus it is not likely you try to fetch the wrong type unless you have a bug in your code.
License formats
License Binary and Base64
Binary and base64 formats are essentially the same. The Base64 format is encoded using the base64 encoding to ensure that only printable characters are in the license. Neither of the forms is directly readable by a human. You can, however, read and convert any of the formats using the REPL application (mentioned above).
Magic bytes
The binary representation of the license starts with the bytes 0xCE, 0x21, 0x5E, 0x4E.
This is the serialized format of the Java Integer value 0x21CE4E5E that stands for 21 → LI (leet code), CE itself, 4E → N (ASCII), 5E → SE (leet code).
It reads together as LICENSE.
It is a bit lame but gives a bit of joy to the game and prevents accidental loading of non-license files.
Since the sizes and the types are stored on four bytes as Integers, very large files could be loaded accidentally.
If the loading of too large files is a concern, there are size limiting constructors for the class LicenseReader.
Using the constructor reading of large files will be aborted before it would eat up Java memory.
Feature length 4bytes
The magic bytes are followed by the features in binary format. The length of the feature encoded on 4 bytes precedes the feature.
Feature type 4bytes
The feature starts with the type of the feature also in 4 bytes. Since there are a limited number of types, there is plenty of room for introducing new types.
Name length 4bytes
This is followed by the length of the name also in 4 bytes.
Value length 4bytes (optional)
Some types have fixed length. If the type has fixed length, the value directly follows and the four bytes of the length. If the value for the given type can be variable length, then the value length follows on 4 bytes.
Currently only BINARY, STRING, BIGINTEGER and BIGDECIMAL types have variable length.
Name and value
The next section is the feature’s name and value. Since the length of the name and the value is known, the name and the value can be read directly.
License Text
The textual format of the license encoded using the UTF-8 character set. Each line in the file is a feature, or a feature continuation. Continuation lines are used to represent features on multiple lines.
A line describing a feature starts with the name of the feature.
This is followed by the type of the feature separated by a : from the name.
The type is written in all capital letters as listed above BINARY, STRING, BYTE etc.
The type is followed by a = and then comes the value of the feature.
The type, along with the separating : can be missing in case it is STRING.
(Note that there was a bug prior the version 3.1.5 that did not allow the use of string values that contained : characters, unless the explicit :STRING followed the name of the string feature.)
When a DATE feature is converted to and from a text then the actual value should be interpreted as time zone independent value.
(Note that there was a bug in 3.X.X releases prior the version 3.1.1 that used the local time zone to interpret text representation of the date/time values.)
The values are encoded as text in a human-readable and editable way.
When a value cannot fit on a single line, for example, a multi-line string, then the feature value starts with the characters << and it is followed by a string till the end of the line which does not appear in the value.
The following lines contain the value of the feature until a line contains the string, which was after the << characters on the start line.
This is similar to the "here string" syntax of UNIX shell.
License3j REPL application
The repl application is NOT part of the license3j.jar file.
It is available as a separate JAR from
https://github.com/verhas/license3jrepl.
To start the repl (Read Evaluate Print Loop) using the Java command:
$ java -jar license3jrepl.jar
You do not need any other library or class on the classpath.
The application is interactive, and it reads the commands from the console and writes the output to the standard output. If the console is not available, then it uses the standard input. The prompt it displays is:
License3j REPL CDW is /Users/verhasp/Dropbox/github/License3j/. help for help L3j> $
The simplest command you can type in is help:
L3j> $ help License is not loaded. Keys are not loaded [INFO] Use ! to execute shell commands [INFO] !cd has no effect, current working directory cannot be changed [INFO] exit to exit [INFO] other commands: [INFO] help [INFO] feature name:TYPE=value [INFO] licenseLoad [format=TEXT*|BINARY|BASE64] fileName [INFO] saveLicense [format=TEXT*|BINARY|BASE64] fileName [INFO] loadPrivateKey [format=BINARY|BASE64] keyFile=xxx [INFO] loadPublicKey [format=BINARY|BASE64] keyFile=xxx [INFO] sign [digest=SHA-512] [INFO] verify >>no argument<< [INFO] generateKeys [algorithm=RSA] [size=2048] [format=BINARY|BASE64] public=xxx private=xxx [INFO] newLicense >>no argument<< [INFO] dump >>no argument<< [INFO] digestPublicKey >>no argument<< [INFO] For more information read the documentation
Note that the actual output of the command help may be different for different versions of the program and from what you actually can see in this documentation.
You can exit the application using the command exit.
You can execute external commands using the ! mark.
Any string you type on a line that starts with the ! character will be passed to the underlying operating system, and it will be executed.
You can, for example , type !ls on Linux to see what files are there in the current working directory, or you can type !dir to do the same under Windows.
You cannot change the current working directory this way.
You can issue the command cd other_dir and it actually will change the current working directory but only for the new shell, which is executing the command and not for the process that executes the Repl application.
It means that as soon as the command has finished and returns to the repl application the current working directory is restored to the original value.
When you execute the Repl you can create a new license, new key pair, you can save them to files, or you can load them from files. The commands work with the keys using the license that is currently in the memory. The information is also printed on the screen about the license and the key. When you start the Repl there is no license or keys loaded.
You can type the commands interactively, or you can type a file name as a command following a . (dot) character.
The Repl application will read the file line by line and execute the lines as they were typed into the interactive prompt.
If there is a file .license3j in the current working directory when the Repl is started then it will be read and executed automatically.
This can be used to load the default public and private keys that you usually work with.
The commands can be abbreviated.
You need to write only so many characters so that the command can uniquely be identified.
The same is true for the command parameters that have names.
Thus you can type si instead of sign to sign a license.
Older versions of License3j included the Repl application.
The current and later versions of License3j will not include the Repl application.
The Repl application is moved to a separate application.
It uses the javax0.repl library as a framework.
This solution provides a leaner license3j library that you include into your application.
Your application will not contain the code of the License3j Repl application and of the libraries that it uses.
Moving the repl framework to a separate library makes it more viable and can be used by other Java applications as well.
No matter which version you use following 3.0.0 there will be a Repl application available to manage the licenses and the keys.
Download and Installation
The License3j module can be downloaded from the Sonatype central repository.
To search the central repo follow the URL
http://central.sonatype.org/
If you use maven you can insert the lines
<dependency>
<groupId>com.javax0.license3j</groupId>
<artifactId>license3j</artifactId>
<version>3.1.5</version>
</dependency>
in to your pom.xml file.
Check the central repository for the latest version.
Note on release history
License3j versions 1.x.x and 2.0.0 were released for Java 1.5 … 1.8. The release 3.0.0 is a total rewrite of the library. Neither the API nor the binary formats are compatible with previous versions. It is also released only for Java 11 and later and there is no planned backport release for Java 8 or earlier. Note however that the generated byte code is compatible with Java 8 JVM, so you can use the library as a dependency for Java 8 projects. This may change in later releases.
License3j prior to version 3.0.0 has a dependency on the Bouncy Castle encryption library. The version 3.0.0 and later breaks this dependency and this version is standalone. Also, this version can be used to generate the keys, sign licenses and does not need the external gpg tool. (Also note that you cannot use the gpg tool to generate keys for this version as the format of the keys are not compatible with older versions.)
Name of the game
There are many names that contain '2'. In these cases '2' stands for 'to' instead of 'two'. There are names containing '4' that stands for 'for'. For example license4j.
'3' in license3j stands for 'free' instead of 'three'. Because this is a free program.