Requestium is a Python library that merges the power of Requests, Selenium, and Parsel into a single integrated tool for automatizing web actions.
The library was created for writing web automation scripts that are written using mostly Requests but that are able to seamlessly switch to Selenium for the JavaScript heavy parts of the website, while maintaining the session.
Requestium adds independent improvements to both Requests and Selenium, and every new feature is lazily evaluated, so its useful even if writing scripts that use only Requests or Selenium.
Read more about the motivation behind creating this library in this blopost.
Features
- Enables switching between a Requests' Session and a Selenium webdriver while maintaining the current web session.
- Integrates Parsel's parser into the library, making xpath, css, and regex much cleaner to write.
- Improves Selenium's handling of dynamically loading elements.
- Makes cookie handling more flexible in Selenium.
- Makes clicking elements in Selenium more reliable.
- Supports Chromedriver natively plus adding a custom webdriver.
Installation
pip install requestiumYou should then download your preferred Selenium webdriver if you plan to use the Selenium part of Requestium, such as Chromedriver.
Usage
First create a session as you would do on Requests, and optionally add arguments for the web-driver if you plan to use one.
from requestium import Session, Keys
options = {'arguments': ['headless']}
s = Session(webdriver_path='./chromedriver', default_timeout=15, webdriver_options=options)Since headless mode is common, there's a shortcut for it by pecifying headless=True.
from requestium import Session, Keys
s = Session(webdriver_path='./chromedriver' headless=True)You can also create a Selenium webdriver outside Requestium and have it use that instead:
from selenium import webdriver
from requestium import Session, Keys
firefox_driver = webdriver.Firefox()
s = Session(driver=firefox_driver)You can also specify a 3rd party Chrome webdriver class and use it by specifying the browser argument as well. This will allow, for example, to use Selenium-Wire to get XHR requests of a web page:
from seleniumwire import webdriver
from requestium import Session, Keys
seleniumwire_driver = webdriver.Chrome()
s = Session(webdriver_path='./chromedriver', driver=seleniumwire_driver)You don't need to parse the response, it is done automatically when calling xpath, css or re.
title = s.get('http://samplesite.com').xpath('//title/text()').extract_first(default='Default Title')Regex require less boilerplate when compared to Python's standard re module.
response = s.get('http://samplesite.com/sample_path')
# Extracts the first match
identifier = response.re_first(r'ID_\d\w\d', default='ID_1A1')
# Extracts all matches as a list
users = response.re(r'user_\d\d\d')The Session object is just a regular Requests's session object, so you can use all of its methods.
s.post('http://www.samplesite.com/sample', data={'field1': 'data1'})
s.proxies.update({'http': 'http://10.11.4.254:3128', 'https': 'https://10.11.4.252:3128'})And you can switch to using the Selenium webdriver to run any js code.
s.transfer_session_cookies_to_driver() # You can maintain the session if needed
s.driver.get('http://www.samplesite.com/sample/process')The driver object is a Selenium webdriver object, so you can use any of the normal selenium methods plus new methods added by Requestium.
s.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@class='user_name']").send_keys('James Bond', Keys.ENTER)
# New method which waits for element to load instead of failing, useful for single page web apps
s.driver.ensure_element_by_xpath("//div[@attribute='button']").click()Requestium also adds xpath, css, and re methods to the Selenium driver object.
if s.driver.re(r'ID_\d\w\d some_pattern'):
print('Found it!')And finally you can switch back to using Requests.
s.transfer_driver_cookies_to_session()
s.post('http://www.samplesite.com/sample2', data={'key1': 'value1'})Selenium workarounds
Requestium adds several 'ensure' methods to the driver object, as Selenium is known to be very finicky about selecting elements and cookie handling.
Wait for element
The ensure_element_by_ methods waits for the element to be loaded in the browser and returns it as soon as it loads. It's named after Selenium's find_element_by_ methods (which immediately raise an exception if they can't find the element).
Requestium can wait for an element to be in any of the following states:
- present (default)
- clickable
- visible
- invisible (useful for things like waiting for loading... gifs to disappear)
These methods are very useful for single page web apps where the site is dynamically changing its elements. We usually end up completely replacing our find_element_by_ calls with ensure_element_by_ calls as they are more flexible.
Elements you get using these methods have the new ensure_click method which makes the click less prone to failure. This helps with getting through a lot of the problems with Selenium clicking.
s.driver.ensure_element_by_xpath("//li[@class='b1']", state='clickable', timeout=5).ensure_click()
# === We also added these methods named in accordance to Selenium's api design ===
# ensure_element_by_id
# ensure_element_by_name
# ensure_element_by_link_text
# ensure_element_by_partial_link_text
# ensure_element_by_tag_name
# ensure_element_by_class_name
# ensure_element_by_css_selectorAdd cookie
The ensure_add_cookie method makes adding cookies much more robust. Selenium needs the browser to be at the cookie's domain before being able to add the cookie, this method offers several workarounds for this. If the browser is not in the cookies domain, it GETs the domain before adding the cookie. It also allows you to override the domain before adding it, and avoid making this GET. The domain can be overridden to '', this sets the cookie's domain to whatever domain the driver is currently in.
If it can't add the cookie it tries to add it with a less restrictive domain (Eg.: home.site.com -> site.com) before failing.
cookie = {"domain": "www.site.com",
"secure": false,
"value": "sd2451dgd13",
"expiry": 1516824855.759154,
"path": "/",
"httpOnly": true,
"name": "sessionid"}
s.driver.ensure_add_cookie(cookie, override_domain='')Considerations
New features are lazily evaluated, meaning:
- The Selenium webdriver process is only started if you call the driver object. So if you don't need to use the webdriver, you could use the library with no overhead. Very useful if you just want to use the library for its integration with Parsel.
- Parsing of the responses is only done if you call the
xpath,css, orremethods of the response. So again there is no overhead if you don't need to use this feature.
A byproduct of this is that the Selenium webdriver could be used just as a tool to ease in the development of regular Requests code: You can start writing your script using just the Requests' session, and at the last step of the script (the one you are currently working on) transfer the session to the Chrome webdriver. This way, a Chrome process starts in your machine, and acts as a real time "visor" for the last step of your code. You can see in what state your session is currently in, inspect it with Chrome's excellent inspect tools, and decide what's the next step your session object should take. Very useful to try code in an IPython interpreter and see how the site reacts in real time.
When transfer_driver_cookies_to_session is called, Requestium automatically updates your Requests session user-agent to match that of the browser used in Selenium. This doesn't happen when running Requests without having switched from a Selenium session first though. So if you just want to run Requests but want it to use your browser's user agent instead of the default one (which sites love to block), just run:
s.copy_user_agent_from_driver()Take into account that doing this will launch a browser process.
Note: The Selenium Chrome webdriver doesn't support automatic transfer of proxies from the Session to the Webdriver at the moment.
Comparison with Requests + Selenium + lxml
A silly working example of a script that runs on Reddit. We'll then show how it compares to using Requests + Selenium + lxml instead of Requestium.
Using Requestium
from requestium import Session, Keys
# If you want requestium to type your username in the browser for you, write it in here:
reddit_user_name = ''
s = Session('./chromedriver', default_timeout=15)
s.driver.get('http://reddit.com')
s.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//a[@href='https://www.reddit.com/login']").click()
print('Waiting for elements to load...')
s.driver.ensure_element_by_class_name("desktop-onboarding-sign-up__form-toggler",
state='visible').click()
if reddit_user_name:
s.driver.ensure_element_by_id('user_login').send_keys(reddit_user_name)
s.driver.ensure_element_by_id('passwd_login').send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)
print('Please log-in in the chrome browser')
s.driver.ensure_element_by_class_name("desktop-onboarding__title", timeout=60, state='invisible')
print('Thanks!')
if not reddit_user_name:
reddit_user_name = s.driver.xpath("//span[@class='user']//text()").extract_first()
if reddit_user_name:
s.transfer_driver_cookies_to_session()
response = s.get("https://www.reddit.com/user/{}/".format(reddit_user_name))
cmnt_karma = response.xpath("//span[@class='karma comment-karma']//text()").extract_first()
reddit_golds_given = response.re_first(r"(\d+) gildings given out")
print("Comment karma: {}".format(cmnt_karma))
print("Reddit golds given: {}".format(reddit_golds_given))
else:
print("Couldn't get user name")Using Requests + Selenium + lxml
import re
from lxml import etree
from requests import Session
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# If you want requestium to type your username in the browser for you, write it in here:
reddit_user_name = ''
driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver')
driver.get('http://reddit.com')
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//a[@href='https://www.reddit.com/login']").click()
print('Waiting for elements to load...')
WebDriverWait(driver, 15).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "desktop-onboarding-sign-up__form-toggler"))
).click()
if reddit_user_name:
WebDriverWait(driver, 15).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'user_login'))
).send_keys(reddit_user_name)
driver.find_element_by_id('passwd_login').send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)
print('Please log-in in the chrome browser')
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 3).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "desktop-onboarding__title"))
)
except TimeoutException:
pass
WebDriverWait(driver, 60).until(
EC.invisibility_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "desktop-onboarding__title"))
)
print('Thanks!')
if not reddit_user_name:
tree = etree.HTML(driver.page_source)
try:
reddit_user_name = tree.xpath("//span[@class='user']//text()")[0]
except IndexError:
reddit_user_name = None
if reddit_user_name:
s = Session()
# Reddit will think we are a bot if we have the wrong user agent
selenium_user_agent = driver.execute_script("return navigator.userAgent;")
s.headers.update({"user-agent": selenium_user_agent})
for cookie in driver.get_cookies():
s.cookies.set(cookie['name'], cookie['value'], domain=cookie['domain'])
response = s.get("https://www.reddit.com/user/{}/".format(reddit_user_name))
try:
cmnt_karma = etree.HTML(response.content).xpath(
"//span[@class='karma comment-karma']//text()")[0]
except IndexError:
cmnt_karma = None
match = re.search(r"(\d+) gildings given out", str(response.content))
if match:
reddit_golds_given = match.group(1)
else:
reddit_golds_given = None
print("Comment karma: {}".format(cmnt_karma))
print("Reddit golds given: {}".format(reddit_golds_given))
else:
print("Couldn't get user name")Similar Projects
This project intends to be a drop-in replacement of Requests' Session object, with added functionality. If your use case is a drop in replacement for a Selenium webdriver, but that also has some of Requests' functionality, Selenium-Requests does just that.
License
Copyright © 2018, Tryolabs. Released under the BSD 3-Clause.