Hugo - Best practices
Best practices and ideas for Hugo the open-source static site generator.
Themes based on this best practices: Bootstrap-BP, Materialize-BP, Bootstrap-BP hugo startpage.
Table of contents
Content organization
Keep all images next to the index Markdown file. This allows to keep the images in the highest possible resolution and let hugo resize them to the perfect size for the current theme (see Images below).
├── mysite/
├── content/
│ └── posts/
│ ├── 0001-firstpost/
│ │ ├── index.md
│ │ └── me.jpg
│ ├── 0002-secondpost/
│ │ ├── index.md
│ └── fun.jpg
├── about/
│ └── index.mdThere is a Discussion on this in the Forum.
Git repository and CI Tools
Keep your site in a version control system like Git. This provides backup, history and multi user editing out of the box.
Use Continuous Integration/Deployment to publish your website after git push. Simple solutions like webhook might do the job. For complex scenarios you might want to use something like Jenkins. For most cases Jenkins will be overkill.
You can sync files using rsync after a successful build. Have a look at the provided deployment scripts in this repository.
Content types and archetypes
Define your required types. A blog usually goes with pages and posts. Pages won't have fields like the author or creation dates displayed.
Pages are usually reached under their name directly. Posts will be posted several times a month and might have a structure like /year/month/name.
The archetypes should reflect the data that is needed for the content. Posts should have tags and categories applied.
[permalinks]
posts = "/:year/:month/:slug/"
page = "/:slug/"This might be the archetype for posts. I prefect to collect all categories and tags in the archetype so I can remove all unused ones for the new blog post.
---
title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
author: Sebastian
type: post
date: {{ now.Format "2006-01-02" }}
featured_image: myimage.jpg
draft: true
categories:
- A
- B
- C
tags:
- Hugo
- Game Development
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Linux
- ...
description: xxx
---
CONTENT
Source: xyzConfigure the site
Configure your new site with all relevant options. These are helpful values to start with.
# Settings
baseURL = "https://www.spech.de/"
languageCode = "de-DE" # or en-US
title = "My hugo page"
description = "Nice page"
# theme = "hugo-future-imperfect" # <- you won't need this as we copy the theme data!
googleAnalytics = "UA-111111111111-1"
canonifyURLs = true
copyright = "Sebastian Pech"
enableRobotsTXT = true
[sitemap]
changefreq = "weekly"
priority = 0.5
[permalinks]
posts = "/:year/:month/:slug/"
page = "/:slug/"Make sure to send your sitemap.xml file to Google Search Console, Bing Webmaster Tools, ...
CSS and JavaScript
Old themes kept the css and js files in the static folder. Sometimes tools like Gulp, Grunt and Webpack were used for pre-processing.
The latest version of Hugo will do all the stuff like bundling and minifying for you. For this to work the files have to be put in the assets folder.
There are three critical methods to use as the bare minimum minify, fingerprint and slice. SCSS might make use of toCSS and postCSS.
With minify you will get a minified version of your files. (Hugo Documentation)
The fingerprint adds a unique string to the name so that the browser won't cache your files on modification. (Hugo Documentation)
Finally slice allows you to concat multiple files to a new one. This works best with minify. (Hugo Documentation)
CSS
Putting the above methods in place the minified main.css will be created as described below. Keep in mind that the files has to be in the assets folder.
{{ $stylemain := resources.Get "css/main.css" | minify | fingerprint "sha512" }}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ $stylemain.RelPermalink }}" integrity="{{ $stylemain.Data.Integrity }}">For processing SCSS Hugo provides two functions. (Hugo Documentation)
{{ $stylemain := resources.Get "scss/main.scss" | toCSS | postCSS (dict "use" "autoprefixer") | minify | fingerprint "sha512" }}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ $stylemain.RelPermalink }}" integrity="{{ $stylemain.Data.Integrity }}">Combining all css files to one minified file allows fewer HTTP requests. This is done using slice.
{{ $cssbootstrap := resources.Get "/css/bootstrap.css" }}
{{ $cssmain := resources.Get "/css/main.css" }}
{{ $csscustom := resources.Get "/css/custom.css" }}
{{ $allcss := slice $cssbootstrap $cssmain $csscustom | resources.Concat "/css/vendor.css" | minify | fingerprint "sha512" }}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ $allcss.RelPermalink }}" integrity="{{ $allcss.Data.Integrity }}">Javascript
Usually a theme will contain multiple JS files which might require a specific order. This is where slice comes into handy.
{{ $jquery := resources.Get "/js/jquery-v6.6.6/jquery.min.js" }}
{{ $bootstrap := resources.Get "/js/bootstrap-v4.6.0/bootstrap.min.js" }}
{{ $main := resources.Get "/js/main.js" }}
{{ $fullscript := slice $jquery $bootstrap $main | resources.Concat "/js/vendor.js" | minify | fingerprint "sha512" }}
<script src="{{ $fullscript.RelPermalink }}" integrity="{{ $fullscript.Data.Integrity }}"></script>Conditionals
All scripts and styles that are needed only on specific pages should be wrapped in conditionals.
{{ if .Params.customPageColor }}
<style>
body { background-color: red; }
</style>
{{ end }}{{ if .Params.contactScript }}
<script src="/js/my-contact-script.js"></script>
{{ end }}Images
Image files should never be larger than necessary.
Hugo allows you to create resources from .Params information (Hugo Documentation).
The resources can be processed with the image processing functions from Hugo afterwards (Hugo Documentation).
This allows you to keep the original images next to the Markdown files (as mentioned before) and let Hugo generate thumbnails and smaller versions.
featured_image: my-blog-header-1.jpgThis example resizes the image mentioned in the featured_image parameter of the blog page to a version with 800 pixel width.
{{ if .Params.featured_image }}
{{ $siteurl := (.RelPermalink) }}
{{ $sitetitle := (.Title) }}
{{ with .Resources.GetMatch (.Params.featured_image) }}
{{ $thumb := .Resize "800x" }}
<img src="{{ $thumb.Permalink }}" alt="{{ $sitetitle }}">
{{ end }}
{{ end }}Caching and .htaccess
See the example .htaccess in the static folder. It covers the following points.
- Redirects for old content
- Compression
- Caching
- SSL
- HSTS and Content Security Policies
- Errror documents
- Wordpress migration rules
Make sure you understand every rule before applying it! The Content-Security-Policy might break your page if you rely on external sources.
Add a Schema.org partial
UPDATE: Even better use Hugo internal templates for this.
UPDATE (Hugo >= 0.60.0): According to the patch notes Hugo processes the images in a new order. The image logic in the 3 SEO internal templates twitter_cards.html, opengraph.html, and schema.html is consolidated: images page param first, then bundled image matching *feature*, *cover* or *thumbnail*, then finally images site param.
Add a Schema.org partial according to .
# layouts/partials/header.html
...
{{ partial "seo_schema" . }}
<title>
...// layouts/partials/seo_schema.html
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
"@context" : "http://schema.org",
"@type" : "BlogPosting",
"mainEntityOfPage": {
"@type": "WebPage",
"@id": "{{ .Site.BaseURL }}"
},
"articleSection" : "{{ .Section }}",
"name" : "{{ .Title }}",
"headline" : "{{ .Title }}",
// "description" : "{{ if .Description }}{{ .Description }}{{ else }}{{if .IsPage}}{{ .Summary }}{{ end }}{{ end }}",
"description" : "{{ with .Description }}{{ . }}{{ else }}{{ .Site.Params.description }}{{ end }}"
"inLanguage" : "{{ .Lang }}",
"author" : "{{ range .Site.Author }}{{ . }}{{ end }}",
"creator" : "{{ range .Site.Author }}{{ . }}{{ end }}",
"publisher": "{{ range .Site.Author }}{{ . }}{{ end }}",
"accountablePerson" : "{{ range .Site.Author }}{{ . }}{{ end }}",
"copyrightHolder" : "{{ range .Site.Author }}{{ . }}{{ end }}",
"copyrightYear" : "{{ .Date.Format "2006" }}",
"datePublished": "{{ .Date | safeHTML }}",
"dateModified" : "{{ .Date | safeHTML }}",
"url" : "{{ .Permalink }}",
"wordCount" : "{{ .WordCount }}",
"keywords" : [ {{ if isset .Params "tags" }}{{ range .Params.tags }}"{{ . }}",{{ end }}{{ end }}"Blog" ]
}
</script>I modified the example with {{ .Date | safeHTML }} otherwise Hugo replaces the + for positive timezones (like GTM, MEZ, ...) with a HTML escaped sequence which makes the javascript illegal for HTML check tools.
Setting .Site.Author is a bit tricky. Use this snippet.
[Author]
name = "Sebastian Pech"External links in new window
Starting with Hugo 0.60 and the Goldmark parser external links won't open in a new window. The hrefTargetBlank from Blackfriday is not supported in Goldmark.
In the hugo-shortcodes collection the render-link.html shortcode will fix the problem. Put the file in \layouts\_default\_markup and alls urls starting with http(s) will get the target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" properties.
Front-End Checklist
Walk trough every point in the Front-End Checklist and the Front-End Performance Checklist.
Awesome Hugo list
Additional links and resources can be found at Awesome Hugo. A curated list of awesome things related to Hugo.
Tools
There are some tools and websites that can validate your page and check the speed.
- webhint is a linting tool that will help you with your site's accessibility, speed, security and more, by checking your code for best practices and common errors.
- Varvy SEO tool See how well a page follows the Google guidelines.
- Google Structured Data Testing Tool Helps validating the structured data on the website.
- Google PageSpeed Insights checks performance, loading times and image sizes.
- Google Lighthouse performs audits on website performance, best practices, accessibility and SEO.
- SSL Server Test is a free online service performing a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server on the public Internet.
- Mozilla SSL Configuration Generator An easy-to-use secure configuration generator for web, database, and mail software.
- SEORCH German SEO testing tool.