Why?

Project(s) without tests often end up looking like they are stuck together with duct tape ...

Change one part and another stops working? "Fixing" one bug, creates another?

Wouldn't you prefer it if everything was consistent and beautifully integrated?
What if everyone on your team worked like clock-work in a disciplined order... like a Formula 1 Crew ...

Test Driven Development (TDD) makes your team a well-oiled machine which means you can go faster.

Once you have a suite of tests that run on every change, you will begin to develop a whole other level of confidence in your codebase and will discover a new freedom to be creative without fear of "breaking" anything unexpectedly; truly game-changing.

What?

This tutorial will help you get started with Test Driven Development (TDD) today!
In the next 30 minutes you will learn everything¹ you need to write tests for your web project!

Pre-Requisites

• A computer with a web browser
• Internet access to download the starter files
• 30 minutes of your time
• Basic Programming Skills (HTML & JavaScript)
• (Optional) Bonus Levels requires you to install Node.js

What is Software Testing?

Software testing is the process of evaluating a software item to detect differences between the expected output and the actual output. Testing assesses the quality of the product. Software testing is a process that should be done during the development process. In other words software testing is a verification and validation process.

What is TDD?

Test-driven development (TDD) is an evolutionary approach to development which combines test-first development, where you write a test before you write just enough production code to fulfil that test, and refactoring. In other words, it’s one way to think through your requirements or design before you write your functional code.

From Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)

Further resources

• Software Testing - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing
• "What is Software Testing" video (from 5:56 onwards) - https://youtu.be/UZy1Dj9JIg4?t=356
• Video intro to Software Development Lifecycle (from 0:52 onwards): https://youtu.be/qMkV_TDdDeA?t=52
• How to Write Clean, Testable Code - https://youtu.be/XcT4yYu_TTs (ignore the Java code focus on the general principles)

• What is software testing? by Rehman Zafar

How?

The first thing you need to understand is that writing code following TDD (discipline) is a (slightly) different approach from simply diving into solving the problem (without a test).

When reading about TDD you will usually see the expression: "Red, Green, Refactor":

What this means is that TDD follows a 3-step process:

1. Write a Failing Test - Understand the (user) requirements/story well enough to write a test for what you expect. (the test should fail initially - hence it being "Red")

2. Make the (failing) Test Pass - Write (only) the code you need to make the (failing) test pass, while ensuring your existing/previous tests all still pass (no regressions).

3. Refactor the code you wrote take the time to tidy up the code you wrote to make it simpler (for your future self or colleagues to understand) before you need to ship the current feature, do it.

Thankfully, because you will have good tests, you don't need to do any refactoring up-front, you can always do refactoring later if performance bottlenecks are discovered. Most programming languages have very efficient compilers/interpreters that remove much of the need for refactoring. And if you use a linter your code will be naturally "tidy".

To develop the habit(s) you will need to be successful with TDD (and software engineering in general) we need to write a test first (and watch it fail) and then write the code required to make the test pass.

Writing a failing test, before writing the code may seem counter-intuitive, time consuming or even "tedious" at first. But we urge you to think of it this way:

The test is the question you are asking
your code is the answer to the question.
By having a clear question, you can always check that your code is working,
because it consistently gives you the same answer(s) ... no surprises, even when you're working with a large, inter-dependent code base!

Practical

Note: This tutorial is meant to be a beginner-friendly introduction to TDD. The Vending Machine example is intentionally simple so you can focus on the principles of testing. Once you understand the basics, we encourage you to follow our complete Todo List Tutorial (https://github.com/dwyl/todo-list-javascript-tutorial), which is a step-by-step guide to building an App following testing and documentation-first best practices.

Scenario: Vending Machine Change Calculator Micro-Project

Imagine you are building a Vending Machine that allows people to buy any item it contains. The machine accepts coins and calculates the change to be returned to the customer, given the item price and the cash received.

Single File App

We can build the entire "project" in a single file: index.html

Note: In practice you want to split your JavaScript, CSS and HTML (Templates) into separate files, but for this example we are keeping everything in index.html for simplicity. If you make it to the "Bonus Levels" you will split things out!

Create a directory on your computer called vending-machine:

In your terminal type this command:

mkdir vending-machine && cd vending-machine

(This will create the directory and move you into it)

Next create a file called index.html e.g: atom index.html (which creates and opens the file in the Atom text editor if you have it installed)

(Note: The "atom" command is not installed by default. In the Atom menu bar there is a command named “Install Shell Commands” which installs a new command in your Terminal called "atom".)

Now copy-paste the following sample code into the newly created index.html file to get started:

<html>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <title>Vending Machine Change Calculator TDD Tutorial</title>
    <!-- Load the QUnit CSS file from CDN - Require to display our tests attractively -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.css">
    <!-- Pure CSS is a minimalist CSS file we have included to make things look nicer -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://yui.yahooapis.com/pure/0.6.0/pure-min.css">
  </head>
  <body style='margin: 0 1em;'>
    <div id='main'>
      <h1>Vending Machine <em>Change Calculator</em></h1>
      <h2>Calculate the change (<em>coins</em>) to return to a customer when they buy something.</h2>
    </div>

    <div id="qunit"></div>
    <div id="qunit-fixture"></div>
    <!-- Load the QUnit Testing Framework from CDN - this is the important bit ... -->
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.js"></script>
    <script>
      // This is what a simple unit test looks like:
      test('This sample test should always pass!', function(assert) {
        var result = 1 + 1;
        assert.equal(result, 2); // just so we know everything loaded ok
      });
      // A failing test will be RED:
      test('This is what a failing test looks like!', function(assert) {
        var result = [1,2,3].indexOf(1);  // this should be 0
        assert.equal(result, -1); // we *expect* this to fail
      });
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Open index.html in your Browser

When you open index.html in your web browser you should expect to see something like this: (without the annotation pointing out the qunit div, and the green and red annotations pointing out the Passing and Failing tests)

Explanation

There is quite a lot of code in the index.html you just created, let's step through it to understand the parts:

The first part of index.html is a standard HTML head and body:

<html>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <title>Vending Machine Change Calculator TDD</title>
    <!-- Load the QUnit CSS file from CDN - Require to display our tests attractively -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.css">
    <!-- Pure CSS is a minimalist CSS file we have included to make things look nicer -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://yui.yahooapis.com/pure/0.6.0/pure-min.css">
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id='main'>
      <h1>Vending Machine Change Calculator</h1>
      <h2>Calculate the Change for a Given Price and Cash Received</h2>
    </div>

Nothing special here, we are simply setting up the page and loading the CSS files.

Next we see the qunit divs (where the test results will be displayed) and load the JQuery and QUnit Libraries from CDN:

    <div id="qunit"></div>
    <div id="qunit-fixture"></div>
    <!-- Load the QUnit Library from CDN - this is the important bit ... -->
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.js"></script>

Finally we see our test(s) - the interesting part of the file:

    <script>
      // This is what a simple unit test looks like:
      test('This sample test should always pass!', function(assert) {
        var result = 1 + 1;
        assert.equal(result, 2);
      });

      // A failing test will be RED:
      test('This is what a failing test looks like!', function(assert) {
        var result = [1,2,3].indexOf(1);  // this should be 0
        assert.equal(result, -1); // we *expect* this to fail
      });

    </script>
  </body>
</html>

If you are new to writing automated tests, don't worry - they are really simple. There are 3 parts:

1. Description - usually the first parameter to QUnit's test() method, describing what is expected to happen in the test
2. Computation - executes a function/method (which invokes the method you will write to make your test pass)
3. Assertion - verifies that the result of your computation is what you expect it to be.

In the above screenshot, the assertion is assert.equal(result, 2)
We are giving the equal method two arguments; the result of our computation and our expected value - in this case 2. That's it.

Note: The latest version of QUnit uses the QUnit.test() function to run tests. Later in this workshop we use blanket.js which is not compatible with the latest version of QUnit. It is for this reason that we are calling test() to run the tests in this workshop.

Further Reading:

• Test assertion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_assertion
• What are Test Assertions and how do they work?: https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/test-assertions-how-do-they-work

Requirements

As a customer, I want to buy a selected item from the vending machine and see what my change is as a result into the various coins so that I can select one of the options and receive my change.

Acceptance criteria:

• A successful call of a function getChange should return the change value in the various coins available
• Unit Tests should exist when the function is ready
• The selection of the desired return is out of scope

Complementary User Story view

Given a Price and an amount of Cash from the Customer Return: Change to the customer (in notes and coins).

Understand what is needed

• Create a function called getChange that accepts two parameters: totalPayable and cashPaid
• For a given totalPayable (the total amount an item in the vending machine costs) and cashPaid (the amount of cash the customer paid into the vending machine), getChange should calculate the change the machine should return to the customer
• getChange should return change as an array of coins (largest to smallest) that the vending machine will need to dispense to the customer.

Example

If a customer buys an item costing £2.15 (we represent this as 215 pennies totalPayable) and pays £3 (3 x £1 or 300 pennies cashPaid) into the vending machine, the change will be 85p.
To dispense the 85p of change we should return four coins to the person: 50p, 20p, 10p and 5p.
An array of these coins would look like: [50, 20, 10, 5]

Coins

In the UK we have the following Coins:

If we use the penny as the unit (i.e. 100 pennies in a pound) the coins can be represented as:

• 200 (£2)
• 100 (£1)
• 50 (50p)
• 20 (20p)
• 10 (10p)
• 5 (5p)
• 2 (2p)
• 1 (1p)

this can be stored as an Array:

var coins = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1];

Note: The same can be done for any other cash system ($ ¥ €) simply use the cent, sen or rin as the unit and scale up notes.

The First Test

If you are totally new to TDD I recommend reading this introductory article by Scott Ambler (especially the diagrams) otherwise this (test-fail-code-pass) process may seem strange ...

In Test First Development (TFD) we write a test first and then write the code that makes the test pass.

First Requirement

So, back in our index.html file remove the dummy tests and add the following lines:

test('getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(1, 1); //no change/coins just an empty array
  var expected = [];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
}); // use deepEqual for arrays see: https://api.qunitjs.com/deepEqual/

We use QUnit's deepEqual (assert) method to check that all the elements in the two arrays are identical. see: https://api.qunitjs.com/deepEqual/

At this point, your index.html file should look like this:

<html>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <title>Vending Machine Change Calculator TDD</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://yui.yahooapis.com/pure/0.6.0/pure-min.css">
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id='main' style='padding: 2em;'>
      <h1>Vending Machine Change Calculator</h1>
      <h2>Calculate the Change for a Given Price and Cash Received</h2>
    </div>

    <div id="qunit"></div>
    <div id="qunit-fixture"></div>
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.js"></script>

    <script>
    // your solution will go here!
    </script>

    <script>
    test('getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array', function(assert) {
      var result = getChange(1, 1); //no change/coins just an empty array
      var expected = [];
      assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
    }); // use deepEqual for arrays see: https://api.qunitjs.com/deepEqual/

    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Watch it Fail

Back in your browser window, refresh the browser and watch it fail:

Q: Why deliberately write a test we know is going to fail...?
A: To get used to the idea of only writing the code required to pass the current (failing) test.
Read: "The Importance of Test Failure: https://www.sustainabletdd.com/2012/03/importance-of-test-failure.html
Note: This also proves the test will fail if the code doesn't behave as expected.

Create the getChange function

In your index.html file add the following code (above the tests)

<script>
function getChange (totalPayable, cashPaid) {
    var change = [];
    // your code goes here

    return change;
};
</script>

Your index.html should now look something like this:

<html>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
    <title>Vending Machine Change Calculator TDD</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://yui.yahooapis.com/pure/0.6.0/pure-min.css">
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id='main' style='padding: 2em;'>
      <h1>Vending Machine Change Calculator</h1>
      <h2>Calculate the Change for a Given Price and Cash Received</h2>
      <!-- <input type='text' id='price'> </input> -->
    </div>

    <div id="qunit"></div>
    <div id="qunit-fixture"></div>
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.18.0.js"></script>

    <script>
    var getChange = function (totalPayable, cashPaid) {
        'use strict';

        var change = [];

        return change
    };
    </script>

    <script>
    test('getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array', function(assert) {
      var result = getChange(1, 1); //no change/coins just an empty array
      var expected = [];
      assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
    }); // use deepEqual for arrays see: https://api.qunitjs.com/deepEqual/

    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Refresh index.html in the Browser

It Passed!!

Now Let's Write A Real Test

Going back to the requirements, we need our getChange method to accept two arguments/parameters (totalPayable and cashPaid), and to return an array containing the coins equal to the difference between them:

e.g:

totalPayable = 215          // £2.15
cashPaid     = 300          // £3.00
difference   =  85          // 85p
change       = [50,20,10,5] // 50p, 20p, 10p, 5p

Add the following test to tests section of index.html:

test('getChange(215, 300) should return [50, 20, 10, 5]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(215, 300); // expect an array containing [50,20,10,5]
  var expected = [50, 20, 10, 5];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
})

Write the Method to Pass the Test

What if I cheat and make getChange return the expected result?

function getChange (totalPayable, cashPaid) {
  'use strict';

  var change = [50, 20, 10, 5]; // just "enough to pass the failing test"

  return change;
};

This will pass the new test, but it also introduces a regression. The original test getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array is now failing.

Step 2 of the TDD process requires that all tests should pass, not just the newly added one.

The getChange function needs to cater for two scenarios; when change should be returned and when it shouldn't. A new implementation of getChange that handles both scenarios could be:

function getChange (totalPayable, cashPaid) {
  'use strict';

  var change = [];

  if((cashPaid - totalPayable) != 0) { // Is any change required?
    change = [50, 20, 10, 5]; // just "enough to pass the failing test"
  }

  return change;
};

The regression has been fixed and all tests pass, but you have hard coded the result (not exactly useful for a calculator...)

This only works once. When the Spec (Test) Writer writes the next test, the method will need to be re-written to satisfy it.

Let's try it. Work out what you expect so you can write your test:

totalPayable = 486           // £4.86
cashPaid     = 600           // £6.00
difference   = 114           // £1.14
change       = [100,10,2,2]  // £1, 10p, 2p, 2p

Add the following test to index.html and refresh your browser:

test('getChange(486, 600) should equal [100, 10, 2, 2]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(486, 600);
  var expected = [100, 10, 2, 2];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
})

Should We Keep Cheating or Solve the Problem?

We could keep cheating by writing a series of if statements:

function getChange (totalPayable, cashPaid) {
  'use strict';

  var change = [];

  if((cashPaid - totalPayable) != 0) { // Is any change required?
    if(totalPayable == 486 && cashPaid == 600)
        change = [100, 10, 2, 2];
    else if(totalPayable == 215 && cashPaid == 300)
        change = [50, 20, 10, 5];
  }

  return change;
};

The Arthur Andersen Approach gets results in the short run ...

But it's arguably more work than simply solving the problem. So let's do that instead.

Try It Yourself (before looking at the solution!)

Try to create your own getChange method that passes the three tests before you look at the solution...

To re-cap, these are our three tests:

test('getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(1, 1); //no change/coins just an empty array
  var expected = [];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

test('getChange(215, 300) should return [50, 20, 10, 5]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(215, 300); // expect an array containing [50,20,10,5]
  var expected = [50, 20, 10, 5];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

test('getChange(486, 600) should equal [100, 10, 2, 2]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(486, 600);
  var expected = [100, 10, 2, 2];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

One More Test to be Sure it Works?

Let's invent a test that will return one of each of the coins ...

Recall that we have 8 types of coins:

var coins = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1];

The sum of the (array containing one of each) coins is: 388p

So, we need to create a test in which we pay £4 for an item costing 12p. (A bit unrealistic, but if it works we know our getChange method is ready!)

test('getChange(12, 400) should return [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(12, 400);
  var expected = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

When these tests pass, your work is done.

Solution(s)

Note: Feel free to suggest a more compact algorithm.

"Imperative" Version ("Two For Loops")

var coins = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]
function getChange (payable, paid) {
  var change = [];
  var length = coins.length;
  var remaining = paid - payable; // we reduce this below

  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) { // loop through array of notes & coins:
    var coin = coins[i];

    var times_coin_fits = Math.floor(remaining / coin); // no partial coins
    if(times_coin_fits >= 1) { // check coin fits into the remaining amount

      for(var j = 0; j < times_coin_fits ; j++) { // add coin to change x times
        change.push(coin);
        remaining = remaining - coin;  // subtract coin from remaining
      }
    }
  }
  return change;
};

"Functional"

The "functional" solution is more compact than the "nested for loops":

const COINS = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]; // "constant" of all coins
function getChange (payable, paid) {
  return COINS.reduce((change, coin) => {
    const change_sum = change.reduce((sum, coin) => sum + coin, 0);
    const remaining = paid - payable - change_sum;
    const times_coin_fits = Math.floor(remaining / coin);
    return change.concat(Array(times_coin_fits).fill(coin));
  }, []); // change array starts out empty and gets filled iteratively.
}

Don't panic if you are unfamiliar with the JavaScript Array.Map & Array.Reduce methods; they were new to everyone once.

We recommend reading:

• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/Map
• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/Reduce
• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/fill
• Example Functional JavaScript: https://www.sitepoint.com/map-reduce-functional-javascript
• Mostly Adequate Guide To Functional Programming

Alternative Solution

An alternative shared by @blunket:

var cointypes  = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1];
function getChange(price, paid) {
  var difference = paid - price;
  var change = [];

  cointypes.forEach(function(coin) {
    // keep adding the current coin until it's more than the difference
    while (difference >= coin) {
      change.push(coin);
      difference = difference - coin;
    }
  });

  return change;
}

If you see this:

Congratulations! You can do Test Driven Development (TDD)!!

Give yourself a pat on the back! Tweet your success!
or Re-Tweet: https://twitter.com/livelifelively/status/768645514120212480

Take a break, grab some water and come back for the #BonusLevel

Bonus Level 1: Code Coverage (10 mins)

What is Code Coverage?

In computer programming, code coverage is a measure used to describe the degree to which the source code of a program is tested by a particular test suite.

In other words: if there is code in the codebase which is not "covered" by a test, it could potentially be a source of bugs or undesirable behaviour.

Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage

Example from our Vending Machine Coin Change Example

Imagine the makers of the Vending Machine (unknowingly) hired a rogue programmer to build the change calculator.

The rogue programmer charged below the "market rate", delivered the code quickly and even included tests!

The makers of the vending machine think that everything is working fine, all the tests pass and when they try the machine it dispenses the merchandise and the correct change every time.

But in the getChange method the rogue programmer put in the following lines:

if(cashPaid == 1337) {
  ATM = [20, 10, 5, 2];
  for(var i = 0; i< 18; i++) { ATM.push(100) };
  return ATM; }

If all the QA person did was run the tests they would see them all "green" and think the job was well done.

But ... once the vending machines had gone into service, e.g: one in every train station in the country. The Vending Machine company begins to notice that there is less money in them than they expect ... They don't understand why because they only hire trustworthy people to re-stock the machines.

One day the Vending Machine Company decide to hire you to review the code in the getChange calculator and you discover the rogue programmer trick!

Every time the rogue programmer inserts £13.37 into any vending machine it will payout £18.37 i.e: a £5 payout (and a "free" item from the vending machine!)

How could this have been prevented?

The answer is code coverage!

Note: Checking code coverage is not a substitute for QA/Code Review...!

Blanket.js

To check the coverage of code being executed (in the browser) we use Blanket.js

See: https://blanketjs.org/ and https://github.com/alex-seville/blanket

To run blanket.js we need to separate our tests and solution into distinct .js files:

test.js contains our unit tests

test('getChange(1,1) should equal [] - an empty array', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(1, 1); //no change/coins just an empty array
  var expected = [];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

test('getChange(215, 300) should return [50, 20, 10, 5]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(215, 300); // expect an array containing [50,20,10,5]
  var expected = [50, 20, 10, 5];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

test('getChange(486, 600) should equal [100, 10, 2, 2]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(486, 600);
  var expected = [100, 10, 2, 2];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

test('getChange(12, 400) should return [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]', function(assert) {
  var result = getChange(12, 400);
  var expected = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1];
  assert.deepEqual(result, expected);
});

change.js has the getChange method.

var coins = [200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]
function getChange(payable, paid) {
    var change = [];
    var length = coins.length;
    var remaining = paid - payable;          // we reduce this below

    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) { // loop through array of notes & coins:
        var coin = coins[i];

        var times_coin_fits = Math.floor(remaining / coin); // no partial coins
        if(times_coin_fits >= 1) { // check coin fits into the remaining amount

            for(var j = 0; j < times_coin_fits; j++) { // add coin to change x times
                change.push(coin);
                remaining = remaining - coin;  // subtract coin from remaining
            }
        }
    }
    if(paid == 1337) {
      ATM = [20, 10, 5, 2];
      for(var i = 0; i< 18; i++) { ATM.push(100) };
      return ATM;
    }
    else {
      return change;
    }
};

Include these two files and the Blanket.js library in your index.html:

<!-- Load Blanket.js from CDN -->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/blanket.js/1.1.4/blanket.js"></script>
<script src="/change.js" data-cover></script> <!-- load our getChange method  -->
<script src="/test.js"></script>              <!-- load tests after getChange -->

Live Server

Note: This is a light taste of Node.js for absolute beginners.

Because we are loading external .js files, our web browser will not allow us to simply open the index.html from the directory.

Open your terminal and run this command to install the node modules and start the live server:

npm init -f && npm install live-server --save-dev && node_modules/.bin/live-server --port=8000

It will take a minute to install, but once that's done your live-server will start up.

That starts a node.js HTTP server on port 8000.

Visit: http://localhost:8000/?coverage in your web browser

You should expect to see:

(Make sure to tick "Enable Coverage", as it is not checked by default!)

Click line #1 in the Blanket.js section to expand the code coverage view

Here we can clearly see which lines are not being covered by the tests! We can quickly identify a potential for bugs or rogue code and remove it!

Hold on ... What if the rogue code is all on one line?

The (sad?) fact is: Blanket.js Code Coverage analysis will not detect all bugs or rogue code. you still need a human to do a code review!

But ... if you use Istanbul to check coverage on the server, you'll see that only part of the single line of rogue code was executed. Istanbul is much better at spotting un-tested code!

We wrote a beginners guide to Code Coverage with Istanbul: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-istanbul that goes into detail.

Bonus Level 2: Node.js (server-side) Tests (10 mins)

Note: You will need to have Node.js installed on your machine for this section. If you don't already have it, download it from: https://nodejs.org/en/download/

The beauty of writing JavaScript is that you can run it anywhere!

In this bonus level we are going to run our tests "server-side" using Node.js.

Add these lines to the top of the test.js file you created in Bonus Level 1

/* The code block below ONLY Applies to Node.js - This Demonstrates
   re-useability of JS code in both Back-end and Front-end! #isomorphic */
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
  var QUnit = require('qunitjs'); // require QUnit node.js module
  // alias the QUnit.test method so we don't have to change all our tests
  var test = QUnit.test; // stores a copy of QUnit.test
  require('qunit-tap')(QUnit, console.log); // use console.log for test output
  var getChange = require('./change.js'); // load our getChange method
}

And add these lines to the bottom of the test.js file you created in Bonus Level 1

/* istanbul ignore next */
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) { QUnit.load(); } // run the tests

In addition, you need to add this to the change.js file you created in Bonus Level 1

/* The code block below ONLY Applies to Node.js - This Demonstrates
   re-useability of JS code in both Back-end and Front-end! #isomorphic */
/* istanbul ignore next */
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
  module.exports = getChange;  // allows CommonJS/Node.js require()
}

Next, install the following node.js modules by running npm install qunitjs qunit-tap istanbul --save-dev:

• QUnit node.js module
• qunit-tap (for command line output)
• Istanbul for server-side code coverage

Run the tests in your terminal:

node test.js

And run Istanbul to see the server-side code coverage:

./node_modules/.bin/istanbul cover test.js

At this point, you should see something like this in your terminal:

Execute open ./coverage/lcov-report/index.html to view the detailed coverage report, and you should see something like this:

This clearly highlights the "rogue" code from the previous Bonus Level.

Let's remove the "rogue" code lines and re-run the tests:

Refresh the Code Coverage report in your browser:

Boom! Now you know how to run your QUnit-based Unit Tests server-side!

Top Tip: Use Codecov.io to Track Coverage in your Projects!

Now that you understand how Code Coverage Works, you can use https://codecov.io/#features to track Coverage in your project over time! You can even add a Badge to your readme file e.g: to show others that you care about testing.

Bonus Level 3: Continuous Integration (5 mins)

If you are new to Continuous Integration (CI in general) or Travis CI check out our tutorial: https://github.com/docdis/learn-travis

To quickly add CI support to your project:

1) Visit: https://travis-ci.org/profile and Login with your GitHub account
2) Enable Travis for your project (Note: The project will need to be hosted on GitHub)

3) Add a .travis.yml file to your project's root directory and include the following lines in it:

language: node_js
node_js:
  - "node"

4) Ensure that you have a package.json file with test script.
(if in doubt, just copy-paste the package.json from this project!)

5) Commit your changes and push them to GitHub
6) Visit the page on Travis-CI for your project. e.g: https://travis-ci.org/dwyl/learn-tdd to see the build results.

Done.

Bonus Level 4: Documentation with JSDoc (5 mins)

Note: Bonus Level 4 requires node.js to be installed on your machine. If you don't already have it installed, don't panic. You don't need to know anything about Node.js to work through the examples. To download, visit: https://nodejs.org/en/download/ and install the version for your Operating System.

If you took a peak at the solution in change.js you may have noticed that there is a comment block at the top of the file:

/**
 * getChange accepts two parameters (totalPayable and cashPaid) and calculates
 * the change in "coins" that needs to be returned.
 * @param {number} totalPayable the integer amount (in pennies) to be paid
 * @param {number} cashPaid the integer amount (in pennies) the person paid
 * @returns {array} list of coins we need to dispense to the person as change
 * @example
 * getChange(215, 300); // returns [50, 20, 10, 5]
 */

This is a JSDoc comment block which documents the getChange function/method.

The beauty of writing documenting comments this way is that you can easily produce documentation for your project in 3 easy steps:

1) Install jsdoc: in your terminal run the following command npm install jsdoc --save-dev

2) Run the jsdoc command in your terminal: ./node_modules/.bin/jsdoc change.js

3) Open the resulting html file open ./out/global.html#getChange and you should see something like this in your web browser:

This clearly documents the functionality of the getChange method.

Conclusion

In the last 90 minutes you learned how to:

• Write code following Test Driven Development (TDD) discipline
• Generate and view the code coverage for both front-end and back-end JavaScript Code
• Set up Travis-CI Continuous Integration for your project (so that you can keep track of the test/build status for your project)
• Use JSDoc to generate documentation for your code after writing simple comment blocks above your functions.

Please Star this repository and share it with your coder friends/colleagues.
Help us spread the TDD Love by re-tweeting: https://twitter.com/dwyl/status/621353373019865089 If you have any questions please ask: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tdd/issues

¹Ok, its not really possible to learn "everything" in 30 mins... but you'll certainly know most of what you need! And, if you have any questions, please ask at: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tdd/issues

What (To Learn) Next?

Now that you know TDD basics, what should you learn/practice next...?

• Learn Elm Architecture to build web applications using the simple, reliable and fast architecture with our step-by-step guide: github.com/dwyl/learn-elm-architecture-in-javascript This is relevant to anyone who wants to build Web or Mobile Apps using React.js (learning the principles of the Elm Architecture will help to keep your code well-organised and with a logical rendering flow)
• Learn Tape (the simplest Node/Browser testing framework): https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tape Apply your TDD knowledge to Node.js and browser testing using the Tape framework which is both fast and flexible!
• Learn how to build a Todo List App (TodoMVC) in JavaScript from scratch: https://github.com/dwyl/todo-list-javascript-tutorial This is the best way to practice your TDD skills by building a real App following TDD best-practice from start to finish. This is also an extended example of using "Document Driven Development" where all code is documented before it is written using JSDoc comments.

Interested in Contributing?

Please read our contribution guide (thank you!)