This is the open-source implementation of PyGraft, initially presented in this paper.

PyGraft is an open-source Python library for generating synthetic yet realistic schemas and (KGs) based on user-specified parameters. The generated resources are domain-agnostic, i.e. they are not tied to a specific application field.

Being able to synthesize schemas and KGs is an important milestone for conducting research in domains where data is sensitive or not readily available. PyGraft allows researchers and practitioners to generate schemas and KGs on the fly, provided minimal knowledge about the desired specifications.

PyGraft has the following features:

• possibility to generate a schema, a KG, or both
• highly-tunable process based on a broad array of user-specified parameters
• schemas and KGs are built with an extended set of RDFS and OWL constructs
• logical consistency is ensured by the use of a DL reasoner (HermiT)

The latest stable version of PyGraft can be downloaded and installed from PyPI with:

pip install pygraft

The latest version of PyGraft can be installed directly from GitHub source with:

pip install git+https://github.com/nicolas-hbt/pygraft.git

Additional features will be provided in the next versions of PyGraft. To name but a few:

High Priority

• Allow support for any input schema (and not only the schemas generated by PyGraft).
• Allow explanations for inconsistencies to be parsed from HermiT API. This would make it possible to remove a subset of triples from inconsistent KGs to make them consistent, without needing the user to run the KG generation pipeline again. This is especially true for very large graphs, or if the user comes with an already existing schema which is not perfectly consistent.

Medium Priority

• Fix the conflict between the following properties rdfs:subPropertyOf, owl:FunctionalProperty, and owl:InverseFunctionalProperty, as a non-zero value for the three of them at the same time can lead to inconsistent KGs.

Low Priority

• Facilitate the generation of larger KGs (this would imply removing any dependency to rdflib).
• Add support for literals.

The contributions of PyGraft are as follows:

• To the best of our knowledge, PyGraft is the first generator able to synthesize both schemas and KGs in a single pipeline.

• The generated schemas and KGs are described with an extended set of RDFS and OWL constructs, allowing for both fine-grained resource descriptions and strict compliance with common Semantic Web standards.

• A broad range of parameters can be specified by the user. These allow for creating an infinite number of graphs with different characteristics. More details on parameters can be found in the Parameters section of the official documentation.

From a high-level perspective, the entire PyGraft generation pipeline is depicted in Figure 1. In particular, Class and Relation Generators are initialized with user-specified parameters and used to build the schema incrementally. The logical consistency of the schema is subsequently checked using the HermiT reasoner from owlready2. If you are also interested in generating a KG based on this schema, the KG Generator is initialized with KG-related parameters and fused with the previously generated schema to sequentially build the KG. Ultimately, the logical consistency of the resulting KG is (again) assessed using HermiT.

Figure 1: PyGraft Overview

Once installed, PyGraft can be loaded with:

import pygraft

Importantly, you can access all the functions with:

pygraft.__all__

Let us assume we are only interested in generating a schema. We first need to retrieve the template configuration file (e.g. a .yaml configuration file), which is as simple as calling create_yaml_template():

pygraft.create_yaml_template()

Now, the template has been generated under the current working directory, and is named template.yml by default.

This file contains all the tunable parameters. For more details on their meanings, please check the Parameters section.

For the sake of simplicity, we do not plan to modify this template and stick with the default parameter values.

Generating an ontology is made possible via the generate_schema(path) function, which only requires the relative path to the configuration file.

In our case, the configuration file is named template.yml and is located in the current working directory, thereby:

pygraft.generate_schema("template.yml")

The generated schema can be retrieved in output/template/schema.rdf. Additional files are created during the process: output/template/class_info.json and output/template/relation_info.json. These files give important information about the classes and relations of the generated schema, respectively.

Let us now explore how to use PyGraft to generate a KG. In this section, we assume we already have a schema, that will serve as a blueprint for generating our KG. We can use the same configuration file as before – as it also contained parameters related to the KG generation (although not used before, since we only asked for a schema) – to generate a KG:

pygraft.generate_kg("template.yml")

The generated KG can be retrieved in output/template/full_graph.rdf. It combines information inherited from output/template/schema.rdf (i.e. ontological information) with information related to individuals.

In most cases, one wants to generate both a schema and a KG in a single process. PyGraft allows this with the generate(path) function, which operates just as the aforedescribed two functions generate_schema(path) and generate_kg(path):

pygraft.generate("template.yml")

Interested in contributing to PyGraft? Please consider reaching out: [email protected]

If you like PyGraft, consider downloading PyGraft and starring our GitHub repository to make it known and promote its development!

If you use or mention PyGraft in a publication, cite our work as:

@misc{hubert2023pygraft,
  title={PyGraft: Configurable Generation of Schemas and Knowledge Graphs at Your Fingertips}, 
  author={Nicolas Hubert and Pierre Monnin and Mathieu d'Aquin and Armelle Brun and Davy Monticolo},
  year={2023},
  eprint={2309.03685},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.AI}
}