This started as a thought experiment that is growing into a viable option for realtime Rails apps without ditching the standard rails stack that we love and are so productive with for a heavy client side MVC framework.

Real-time partials with Rails. Sync lets you render partials for models that, with minimal code, update in realtime in the browser when changes occur on the server.

In practice, one simply only needs to replace:

<%= render partial: 'user_row', locals: {user: @user} %>

with:

<%= sync partial: 'user_row', resource: @user %>

Then update views realtime automatically with the sync DSL or with a simple sync_update(@user) in the controller without any extra javascript or configuration.

In addition to real-time updates, Sync also provides:

• Realtime removal of partials from the DOM when the sync'd model is destroyed in the controller via sync_destroy(@user)
• Realtime appending of newly created model's on scoped channels
• JavaScript/CoffeeScript hooks to override and extend element updates/appends/removes for partials
• Support for Faye and Pusher

• Ruby >= 1.9.3
• Rails 3 >= 3.1 or Rails 4
• jQuery >= 1.9

The gem name has changed from sync to render_sync, so to upgrade you just need to use the new name in your Gemfile:

gem 'render_sync'

gem 'faye'
gem 'thin', require: false
gem 'render_sync'

gem 'pusher'
gem 'render_sync'

$ bundle
$ rails g render_sync:install

//= require sync

<%= include_sync_config %>

Set your configuration in the generated config/sync.yml file, using the Faye adapter. Then run Faye alongside your app.

rackup sync.ru -E production

Set your configuration in the generated config/sync.yml file, using the Pusher adapter. No extra process/setup.

The current implementation uses a DOM range query (jQuery's nextUntil) to match your partial's "element" in the DOM. The way this selector works requires your sync'd partial to be wrapped in a root level html tag for that partial file. For example, this parent view/sync partial approach would not work:

Given the sync partial _todo_row.html.erb:

Title:
<%= link_to todo.title, todo %>

And the parent view:

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <%= sync partial: 'todo_row', resource: @todo %>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

sync partial _todo_row.html.erb:

<tr> <!-- root level container for the partial required here -->
  Title:
  <%= link_to todo.title, todo %>
</tr>

And the parent view changed to:

<table>
  <tbody>
    <%= sync partial: 'todo_row', resource: @todo %>
  </tbody>
</table>

I'm currently investigating true DOM ranges via the Range object.

In addition to calling explicit sync actions within controller methods, a sync and enable_sync DSL has been added to ActionController::Base and ActiveRecord::Base to automate the syncing approach in a controlled, threadsafe way.

  class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
    sync :all
  end

  class TodosController < ApplicationController
    enable_sync only: [:create, :update, :destroy]
    ...
  end

Now, whenever a Todo is created/updated/destroyed inside an action of the TodosController changes are automatically pushed to all subscribed clients without manually calling sync actions.

Sometimes you might want to display multiple differently scoped todo lists throughout your application and keep them all in sync. For example:

• A global list with all todos
• A list with all completed todos
• A list with all todos of a user
• A list with all todos of a project
• ...

This was quite tricky to accomplish in previous versions of sync. Well, now this is going to be dead simple with the help of explicit sync scopes. First, define your desired sync scopes on the model with sync_scope like this:

class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :user
  belongs_to :project

  sync :all

  sync_scope :active, -> { where(completed: false) }
  sync_scope :completed, -> { where(completed: true) }
end

Then in your views display the different sets of todos by passing the scope as a parameter like this:

<%= sync partial: "todo", collection: Todo.active %>
<%= sync_new partial: "todo", resource: Todo.new, scope: Todo.active %>

<%= sync partial: "todo", collection: Todo.completed %>
<%= sync_new partial: "todo", resource: Todo.new, scope: Todo.completed %>

Now, whenever a todo is created/updated/destroyed sync will push the appropriate changes to all affected clients. This also works for attribute changes that concern the belonging to a specific scope itself. E.g. if the completed flag is set to true during an update action sync will automatically push the todo partial to all clients displaying the list of completed todos and remove it from all clients subscribed to the list of active todos.

In order to display lists that are dynamically scoped (e.g. by the current_user or a @project instance variable) you can setup dynamic sync scopes like this:

sync_scope :by_user, ->(user) { where(user_id: user.id) }
sync_scope :by_project, ->(project) { where(project_id: project.id) }

Note that the naming of the parameters is very important for sync to do its magic. Be sure to only use names of methods, parent associations or ActiveRecord attributes defined on the model (e.g. in this case user and project). This way sync will be able to detect changes to the scope.

Setup the rendering of the partials in the views with:

<%= sync partial: "todo", collection: Todo.by_user(current_user) %>
<%= sync_new partial: "todo", resource: Todo.new, scope: Todo.by_user(current_user) %>

<%= sync partial: "todo", collection: Todo.by_project(@project) %>
<%= sync_new partial: "todo", resource: Todo.new, scope: Todo.by_project(@project) %>

Beware that chaining of sync scopes in the view is currently not supported. So the following example would not work as expected:

<%= sync_new partial: "todo", Todo.new, scope: Todo.by_user(current_user).completed %>

To work around this just create an explicit sync_scope for your use case:

sync_scope :completed_by_user, ->(user) { completed.by_user(current_user) }

<%= sync_new partial: "todo", Todo.new, scope: Todo.completed_by_user(current_user) %>

Please keep in mind that the more sync scopes you set up the more sync messages will be send over your pubsub adapter. So be sure to keep the number scopes small and remove scopes you are not using.

If you want to automatically sync the partials of a parent association whenever a record changes you can use the sync_touch method. E.g. if you always want to sync the partials of the associated user and project just add this line to your Todo class:

sync_touch :project, :user

Sync::Actions can be included into any object wishing to perform sync publishes for a given resource. Instead of using the controller as context for rendering, a Sync::Renderer instance is used. Since the Renderer is not part of the request/response/session, it has no knowledge of the current session (ie. current_user), so syncing from outside the controller context will require some care that the partial can be rendered within a sessionless context.

class MyJob
  include Sync::Actions

  def perform
    Sync::Model.enable do
      Todo.first.update title: "This todo will be sync'd on save"
    end
    Todo.first.update title: "This todo will NOT be sync'd on save"

    Sync::Model.enable!
    Todo.first.update title: "This todo will be sync'd on save"
    Todo.first.update title: "This todo will be sync'd on save"
    Todo.first.update title: "This todo will be sync'd on save"
    Sync::Model.disable!
    Todo.first.update title: "This todo will NOT be sync'd on save"
  end
end

Sync allows you to hook into and override or extend all of the actions it performs when updating partials on the client side. When a sync partial is rendered, sync will instantiate a javascript View class based on the following order of lookup:

1. The camelized version of the concatenated snake case resource and partial names.
2. The camelized version of the snake cased partial name.

partial name 'list_row', resource name 'todo', order of lookup:

1. Sync.TodoListRow
2. Sync.ListRow
3. Sync.View (Default fallback)

For example, if you wanted to fade in/out a row in a sync'd todo list instead of the Sync.View default of instant insert/remove:

class Sync.TodoListRow extends Sync.View

  beforeInsert: ($el) ->
    $el.hide()
    @insert($el)

  afterInsert: -> @$el.fadeIn 'slow'

  beforeRemove: -> @$el.fadeOut 'slow', => @remove()

Sometimes, you do not want your page to update with every new record. With the scope option, you can limit what is being updated on a given page.

One way of using scope is by supplying a String or a Symbol. This is useful for example when you want to only show new records for a given locale:

View:

<%= sync_new partial: 'todo_list_row', resource: Todo.new, scope: I18n.locale %>

Controller/Model:

sync_new @todo, scope: @todo.locale

Another use of scope is with a parent resource. This way you can for example update a project page with new todos for this single project:

View:

<%= sync_new partial: 'todo_list_row', resource: Todo.new, scope: @project %>

Controller/Model:

sync_new @todo, scope: @project

Both approaches can be combined. Just supply an Array of Strings/Symbols and/or parent resources to the scope option. Note that the order of elements matters. Be sure to use the same order in your view and in your controller/model.

If a single resource has a bunch of different sync partials, calling sync_new or sync_update could be very expensive, as sync would need to render each partial for that resource, even if only one partial would be affected by the update. Because of this, sync allows you to scope these by the name of the partial:

def UsersController < ApplicationController
  …
  def create
    …
    if @user.save
      sync_new @user, partial: 'users_count'
    end
    …
  end
end

In the above example, only the sync/users/users_count partial will be rendered and pushed to subscribed clients.

Refetching allows syncing partials across different users when the partial requires the session's context (ie. current_user).

Ex: View: Add refetch: true to sync calls, and place partial file in a 'refetch' subdirectory in the model's sync view folder:

The partial file would be located in app/views/sync/todos/refetch/_list_row.html.erb

<% @project.todos.ordered.each do |todo| %>
  <%= sync partial: 'list_row', resource: todo, refetch: true %>
<% end %>
<%= sync_new partial: 'list_row', resource: Todo.new, scope: @project, refetch: true %>

Notes

While this approach works very well for the cases it's needed, syncing without refetching should be used unless refetching is absolutely necessary for performance reasons. For example,

A sync update request is triggered on the server for a 'regular' sync'd partial with 100 listening clients:

• number of http requests 1
• number of renders 1, pushed out to all 100 clients via pubsub server.

A sync update request is triggered on the server for a 'refetch' sync'd partial with 100 listening clients:

• number of http requests 100
• number of renders 100, rendering each request in clients session context.

Sync has a custom DependencyTracker::ERBTracker that can handle sync render calls. Because the full partial name is not included, it has to guess the location of your partial based on the name of the resource or collection passed to it. See the tests to see how it works. If it doesn't work for you, you can always use the explicit "Template Dependency" markers.

To enable, add to config/initializers/cache_digests.rb:

require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'

ActionView::DependencyTracker.register_tracker :haml, Sync::ERBTracker
ActionView::DependencyTracker.register_tracker :erb, Sync::ERBTracker

require 'cache_digests/dependency_tracker'

CacheDigests::DependencyTracker.register_tracker :haml, Sync::ERBTracker
CacheDigests::DependencyTracker.register_tracker :erb, Sync::ERBTracker

Note: haml support is limited, but it seems to work in most cases.

Create a thin configuration file config/sync_thin.yml similar to the following:

---
port: 4443
ssl: true
ssl_key_file: /path/to/server.pem
ssl_cert_file: /path/to/certificate_chain.pem
environment: production
rackup: sync.ru

The certificate_chain.pem file should contain your signed certificate, followed by intermediate certificates (if any) and the root certificate of the CA that signed the key.

Next reconfigure the server and adapter_javascript_url in config/sync.yml to look like https://your.hostname.com:4443/faye and https://your.hostname.com:4443/faye/faye.js respectively.

Finally start up Thin from the project root.

thin -C config/sync_thin.yml start

View sync/users/_user_list_row.html.erb

<tr>
  <td><%= link_to user.name, user %></td>
  <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_user_path(user) %></td>
  <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', user, method: :delete, remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
</tr>

View users/index.html.erb

<h1>Some Users</h1>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <%= sync partial: 'user_list_row', collection: @users %>
    <%= sync_new partial: 'user_list_row', resource: User.new, direction: :append %>
  </tbody>
</table>

Controller

def UsersController < ApplicationController
  …
  def create
    @user = User.new(user_params)
    if @user.save
      sync_new @user
    end
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to users_url }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end

  def update
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    if user.save
    …
    end

    # Sync updates to any partials listening for this user
    sync_update @user

    redirect_to users_path, notice: "Saved!"
  end

  def destroy
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    @user.destroy

    # Sync destroy, telling client to remove all dom elements containing this user
    sync_destroy @user

    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to users_url }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end
end

If you're using Google Webmaster Tools you may notice that Google detects lots of URLs it can't find on your site when using Sync. This is because Google now attempts to discover URLs in JavaScript and some JavaScript we generate looks a little like a URL to Google. You can safely ignore this problem.