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Repository Details

A Java port of Daniel Lemire's fast_float project

Maven Central

FastDoubleParser

This is a Java port of Daniel Lemire's fast_float project.

This project provides parsers for double, float, BigDecimal and BigInteger values. The double and float parsers are optimised for speed for the most common inputs. The BigDecimal and BigInteger parsers are optimised for speed on all inputs.

The code in this project contains optimised versions for Java SE 1.8, 11, 17, 19 and 20. The code is released in a single multi-release jar, which contains the code for all these versions except 20.

License

Everything except the content of the folder supplemental_test_files is MIT License.

The content of the folder supplemental_test_files is Apache 2.0 License.

Alternatively, you can license this project under the Apache 2.0 License. In this case, you do not need to include the MIT License in your project. If you copy source files, make sure that you change the copyright notice in the copied files accordingly. So that it is immediately clear under which license you use the code. For example:

  • Replace the file headers with the file headers of your project.
  • Insert a comment in the file, that states that the file originates from FastDoubleParser, Copyright © Werner Randelshofer, Switzerland, Apache 2.0 License.

Code License

Some code in this project is derived from the following projects:

The corresponding code is marked as such.

If you redistribute code, you must follow the terms of all involved licenses.

The build scripts in this project do include the data that are required by these licenses in deployed source- and classes-Jar files.

Usage

module MyModule {
    requires ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser;
}
import ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser.JavaDoubleParser;
import ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser.JavaFloatParser;
import ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser.JavaBigDecimalParser;
import ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser.JavaBigIntegerParser;
import ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser.JsonDoubleParser;

class MyMain {
    public static void main(String... args) {
        double d = JavaDoubleParser.parseDouble("1.2345e135");
        float f = JavaFloatParser.parseFloat("1.2345f");
        BigDecimal bd = JavaBigDecimalParser.parseBigDecimal("1.2345");
        BigInteger bi = JavaBigIntegerParser.parseBigInteger("12345");
        double jsonD = JsonDoubleParser.parseDouble("1.2345e85");
    }
}

The parse...()-methods take a CharacterSequence. a char-array or a byte-array as argument. This way, you can parse from a StringBuffer or an array without having to convert your input to a String. Parsing from an array is faster, because the parser can process multiple characters at once using SIMD instructions.

Performance Tuning

The JVM does not reliably inline String.charAt(int). This may negativily impact the parse...()-methods that take a CharacterSequence as an argument.

To ensure optimal performance, you can use the following java command line option:

-XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt

Performance Characteristics

float and double parsers

On common input data, the fast double and float parsers are about 4 times faster than java.lang.Double.valueOf(String) and java.lang.Float.valueOf(String).

For less common inputs, the fast parsers can be slower than their java.lang counterparts.

A double value can always be specified exactly with up to 17 digits in the significand. A float only needs up to 8 digits. Therefore, inputs with more than 19 digits in the significand are considered less common. Such inputs are expected to occur if the input data was created with more precision, and needs to be narrowed down to the precision of a double or a float.

BigDecimal and BigInteger parsers

On common input data, the fast BigDecimal and BigInteger parsers are slightly faster than java.math.BigDecimal(String) and java.math.BigInteger(String).

For less common inputs with many digits, the fast parsers can be a lot faster than their java.math counterparts. The fast parsers can convert even the longest supported inputs in less than 6 minutes, whereas their java.math counterparts need months!

The fast parsers convert digit characters from base 10 to a bit sequence in base 2 using a divide-and-conquer algorithm. Small sequences of digits are converted individually to bit sequences and then gradually combined to the final bit sequence. This algorithm needs to perform multiplications of very long bit sequences. The multiplications are performed in the frequency domain using a discrete fourier transform. The multiplications in the frequency domain can be performed in O(N log N (log log N)) time, where N is the number of digits. In contrast, conventional multiplication algorithms in the time domain need O(N²) time.

Memory usage and computation time

The memory usage depends on the result type and the maximal supported input character length.

The computation times are given for a Mac mini 2018 with Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8700B CPU @ 3.20GHz.

Parser Result Type Maximal
input length
Memory usage
JVM -Xmx
Computation
Time
JavaDoubleParser java.lang.Double 2^31 - 5 10 gigabytes < 5 sec
JavaFloatParser java.lang.Float 2^31 - 5 10 gigabytes < 5 sec
JavaBigIntegerParser java.math.BigInteger 1,292,782,622 16 gigabytes < 6 min
JavaBigDecimalParser java.math.BigDecimal 1,292,782,635 16 gigabytes < 6 min

Performance measurements

On my Mac mini (2018) I get the results shown below.

CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8700B CPU @ 3.20GHz
VM : Java 20, OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM, Oracle Corporation, 20.0.1+9-29

Random double numbers in the range from 0 to 1

Most input lines look like this: 0.4011441469603171.

Method MB/s stdev Mfloats/s ns/f speedup JDK
java.lang.Double 90.27 2.6 % 5.18 192.99 1.00 20.0.1
java.lang.Float 94.81 3.1 % 5.44 183.75 1.00 20.0.1
java.math.BigDecimal 175.94 5.1 % 10.10 99.02 1.00 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser String 529.71 15.5 % 30.41 32.89 5.87 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser char[] 692.80 4.1 % 39.77 25.15 7.67 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser byte[] 719.80 9.4 % 41.32 24.20 7.97 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser String 397.93 12.0 % 22.84 43.78 4.41 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser char[] 634.79 12.2 % 36.44 27.44 7.03 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser byte[] 678.56 3.4 % 38.95 25.67 7.52 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser String 462.01 15.6 % 26.52 37.71 4.87 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser char[] 715.02 13.5 % 41.04 24.37 7.54 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser byte[] 730.54 10.6 % 41.93 23.85 7.71 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser String 518.90 17.4 % 29.78 33.57 2.95 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser char[] 668.01 5.5 % 38.34 26.08 3.80 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser byte[] 636.84 12.3 % 36.55 27.36 3.62 20.0.1

The data file canada.txt

This file contains numbers in the range from -128 to +128. Most input lines look like this: 52.038048000000117.

Method MB/s stdev Mfloats/s ns/f speedup JDK
java.lang.Double 78.95 4.3 % 4.54 220.41 1.00 20.0.1
java.lang.Float 93.71 3.2 % 5.39 185.70 1.00 20.0.1
java.math.BigDecimal 319.11 2.7 % 18.34 54.53 1.00 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser String 365.79 10.0 % 21.02 47.57 4.63 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser char[] 597.98 14.8 % 34.36 29.10 7.57 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser byte[] 659.34 2.7 % 37.89 26.39 8.35 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser String 369.28 10.4 % 21.22 47.12 4.68 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser char[] 567.69 10.8 % 32.62 30.65 7.19 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser byte[] 665.41 4.3 % 38.24 26.15 8.43 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser String 360.22 10.0 % 20.70 48.31 3.84 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser char[] 646.58 12.4 % 37.16 26.91 6.90 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser byte[] 683.14 2.9 % 39.26 25.47 7.29 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser String 426.62 11.0 % 24.52 40.79 1.34 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser char[] 671.93 15.8 % 38.61 25.90 2.11 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser byte[] 732.53 4.9 % 42.10 23.76 2.30 20.0.1

The data file mesh.txt

This file contains input lines like 1749, and 0.539081215858.

Method MB/s stdev Mfloats/s ns/f speedup JDK
java.lang.Double 219.85 10.8 % 29.95 33.39 1.00 20.0.1
java.lang.Float 103.24 8.3 % 14.06 71.10 1.00 20.0.1
java.math.BigDecimal 246.50 6.8 % 33.58 29.78 1.00 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser String 319.75 17.8 % 43.56 22.96 1.45 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser char[] 479.18 3.7 % 65.28 15.32 2.18 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser byte[] 514.17 3.0 % 70.04 14.28 2.34 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser String 320.47 14.6 % 43.66 22.91 1.46 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser char[] 464.53 13.3 % 63.28 15.80 2.11 20.0.1
JsonDoubleParser byte[] 489.19 3.9 % 66.64 15.01 2.23 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser String 266.68 14.2 % 36.33 27.53 2.58 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser char[] 443.07 5.8 % 60.36 16.57 4.29 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser byte[] 478.89 2.4 % 65.24 15.33 4.64 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser String 343.73 14.5 % 46.82 21.36 1.39 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser char[] 448.99 16.4 % 61.16 16.35 1.82 20.0.1
JavaBigDecimalParser byte[] 444.25 3.2 % 60.52 16.52 1.80 20.0.1

The data file canada_hex.txt

This file contains numbers in the range from -128 to +128 in hexadecimal notation. Most input lines look like this: -0x1.09219008205fcp6.

Method MB/s stdev Mfloats/s ns/f speedup JDK
java.lang.Double 38.52 2.5 % 2.11 473.44 1.00 20.0.1
java.lang.Float 37.81 3.2 % 2.07 482.31 1.00 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser String 395.68 11.1 % 21.70 46.09 10.27 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser char[] 572.07 10.4 % 31.37 31.88 14.85 20.0.1
JavaDoubleParser byte[] 682.38 9.1 % 37.41 26.73 17.71 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser String 402.73 9.9 % 22.08 45.29 10.65 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser char[] 521.99 8.4 % 28.62 34.94 13.80 20.0.1
JavaFloatParser byte[] 692.74 9.0 % 37.98 26.33 18.32 20.0.1

Comparison with C version

For comparison. here are the test results of simple_fastfloat_benchmark
on the same computer:

version: Thu Mar 31 10:18:12 2022 -0400 f2082bf747eabc0873f2fdceb05f9451931b96dc

Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8700B CPU @ 3.20GHz SIMD-256

$ ./build/benchmarks/benchmark
# parsing random numbers
available models (-m): uniform one_over_rand32 simple_uniform32 simple_int32 int_e_int simple_int64 bigint_int_dot_int big_ints 
model: generate random numbers uniformly in the interval [0.0.1.0]
volume: 100000 floats
volume = 2.09808 MB 
netlib                      :   317.31 MB/s (+/- 6.0 %)    15.12 Mfloat/s      66.12 ns/f 
doubleconversion            :   263.89 MB/s (+/- 4.2 %)    12.58 Mfloat/s      79.51 ns/f 
strtod                      :    86.13 MB/s (+/- 3.7 %)     4.10 Mfloat/s     243.61 ns/f 
abseil                      :   467.27 MB/s (+/- 9.0 %)    22.27 Mfloat/s      44.90 ns/f 
fastfloat                   :   880.79 MB/s (+/- 6.6 %)    41.98 Mfloat/s      23.82 ns/f 

OpenJDK 20+36-2344
java.lang.Double            :    93.97 MB/s (+/- 5.0 %)     5.39 Mfloat/s     185.43 ns/f     1.00 speedup
JavaDoubleParser String     :   534.52 MB/s (+/-11.2 %)    30.67 Mfloat/s      32.60 ns/f     5.69 speedup
JavaDoubleParser char[]     :   620.86 MB/s (+/- 9.9 %)    35.63 Mfloat/s      28.07 ns/f     6.61 speedup
JavaDoubleParser byte[]     :   724.91 MB/s (+/- 5.7 %)    41.60 Mfloat/s      24.04 ns/f     7.71 speedup

'

$ ./build/benchmarks/benchmark -f data/canada.txt
# read 111126 lines 
volume = 1.93374 MB 
netlib                      :   337.79 MB/s (+/- 5.8 %)    19.41 Mfloat/s      51.52 ns/f 
doubleconversion            :   254.22 MB/s (+/- 6.0 %)    14.61 Mfloat/s      68.45 ns/f 
strtod                      :    73.33 MB/s (+/- 7.1 %)     4.21 Mfloat/s     237.31 ns/f 
abseil                      :   411.11 MB/s (+/- 7.3 %)    23.63 Mfloat/s      42.33 ns/f 
fastfloat                   :   741.32 MB/s (+/- 5.3 %)    42.60 Mfloat/s      23.47 ns/f 

OpenJDK 20+36-2344
java.lang.Double            :    82.56 MB/s (+/- 4.4 %)     4.74 Mfloat/s     210.76 ns/f     1.00 speedup
JavaDoubleParser String     :   366.27 MB/s (+/- 9.7 %)    21.05 Mfloat/s      47.51 ns/f     4.44 speedup
JavaDoubleParser char[]     :   571.76 MB/s (+/-11.4 %)    32.86 Mfloat/s      30.43 ns/f     6.93 speedup
JavaDoubleParser byte[]     :   622.03 MB/s (+/- 7.5 %)    35.75 Mfloat/s      27.98 ns/f     7.53 speedup

Building and running the code

This project requires at least the items below to build it from source:

  • Maven 3.8.6
  • OpenJDK SE 20

This project contains optimised code for various JDK versions. If you intend to assess the fitness and/or performance of this project for all supported JDKs, you also need to install the following items:

  • OpenJDK SE 8
  • OpenJDK SE 11
  • OpenJDK SE 17
  • OpenJDK SE 19

When you clone the code repository from github. you can choose from the following branches:

  • main Aims to contain only working code.
  • dev This code may or may not work. This code uses the experimental Vector API, and the Foreign Memory Access API, that are included in Java 20.

Command sequence with Java SE 20 on macOS:

git clone https://github.com/wrandelshofer/FastDoubleParser.git
cd FastDoubleParser 
javac --enable-preview -source 20 -d out -encoding utf8 --module-source-path fastdoubleparser-dev/src/main/java --module ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparser    
javac --enable-preview -source 20 -d out -encoding utf8 -p out --module-source-path fastdoubleparserdemo-dev/src/main/java --module ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt --enable-preview -p out -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main  
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt --enable-preview -p out -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt   

Command sequence with Java SE 8, 11, 17, 19 and 20 and Maven 3.8.6 on macOS:

git clone https://github.com/wrandelshofer/FastDoubleParser.git
cd FastDoubleParser
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-20.jdk/Contents/Home 
mvn clean
mvn package
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-20.jdk/Contents/Home 
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/mesh.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada_hex.txt
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-19.jdk/Contents/Home 
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/mesh.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada_hex.txt
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-17.jdk/Contents/Home 
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/mesh.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada_hex.txt
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-11.0.8.jdk/Contents/Home
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/mesh.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -p fastdoubleparser/target:fastdoubleparserdemo/target -m ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo/ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada_hex.txt
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_281.jdk/Contents/Home
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -cp "fastdoubleparser/target/*:fastdoubleparserdemo/target/*" ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -cp "fastdoubleparser/target/*:fastdoubleparserdemo/target/*" ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -cp "fastdoubleparser/target/*:fastdoubleparserdemo/target/*" ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/mesh.txt
java -XX:CompileCommand=inline,java/lang/String.charAt -cp "fastdoubleparser/target/*:fastdoubleparserdemo/target/*" ch.randelshofer.fastdoubleparserdemo.Main --markdown FastDoubleParserDemo/data/canada_hex.txt

IntelliJ IDEA with Java SE 8, 11, 17, 19 and 20 on macOS

Prerequisites:

  1. Install the following Java SDKs: 8, 11, 17, 19 and 20. If you do not need to edit the code, you only need to install the Java 20 SDK.
  2. Install IntelliJ IDEA

Steps:

  1. Start IntelliJ IDEA

  2. From the main menu, choose Git > Clone...

  3. In the dialog that opens, enter the URL https://github.com/wrandelshofer/FastDoubleParser.git, specify the directory in which you want to save the project and click Clone.

  4. Intellij IDEA will now clone the repository and open a new project window. However, the project modules are not yet configured correctly.

  5. From the main menu of the new project window, choose View > Tool Windows > Maven

  6. In the Maven tool window, run the Maven build Parent project for FastDoubleParser > Lifecycle > compile

  7. In the toolbar of the Maven tool window, click Reload All Maven Projects

  8. Intellij IDEA knows now for each module, where the source, generated source, test source, and generated test source folders are. However, the project modules have still incorrect JDK dependencies.

  9. You can skip this step, if you do not want to edit the code. From the main menu, choose File > Project Structure...

  10. You can skip this step, if you do not want to edit the code. In the dialog that opens, select in the navigation bar Project Settings > Modules

  11. You can skip this step, if you do not want to edit the code. For each module in the right pane of the dialog, select the Dependencies tab. Specify the corresponding Module SDK for modules which have a name that ends in -Java8, -Java11, -Java17, -Java19. Do not change modules with other name endings - they must stay on the Java 20 SDK.

  12. From the main menu, choose Build > Build Project Intellij IDEA will now properly build the project.

Editing the code

The majority of the code is located in the module named fastdoubleparser-dev, and fastdoubleparserdemo-dev. The code in these modules uses early access features of the Java 20 SDK.

Modules which have a name that ends in -Java8, -Java11, -Java17, -Java19 contain deltas of the -dev modules.

The delta code is located in the source and test folders of the module. Code from the -dev module is located in the generated source and generated test source folders.

The Maven POM of a module contains maven-resources-plugin elements that copy code from the -dev module to the delta modules.

Testing the code

Unfortunately it is not possible to test floating parsers exhaustively, because the input and output spaces are far too big.

Parser Input Space Output Space
JavaDoubleParser 1 to 231-1 chars
= 65536231
= 234,359,738,368
64 bits
= 264
JavaFloatParser 1 to 231-1 chars
= 234,359,738,368
32 bits
= 232
JsonDoubleParser 1 to 231-1 chars
= 234,359,738,368
64 bits
= 264
JavaBigIntegerParser 1 to 1,292,782,622 chars
= 655361292782623
= 220,684,521,968
0 to 231 bits
= 2231
= 22,147,483,648
JavaBigDecimalParser 1 to 1,292,782,635 chars
= 655361292782636
= 220,684,522,176
0 to 231 bit mantissa * 64 bit exponent
= 212,884,901,888

You can quickly run a number of hand-picked tests that aim for 100 % line coverage:

mvn -DenableLongRunningTests=true test

You can run additional tests with the following command. The purpose of these tests is to explore additional regions of the input and output spaces.

mvn -DenableLongRunningTests=true test