This repository contains an exciting quest to learn about Web security by learning about vulnerabilities, exploiting them, and then crafting code to protect against them.
Prerequisites
Before embarking on this adventure, make sure you have the skills taught in learnyounode and levelmeup.
Also, make sure phantomjs is installed and on your path (as well as node 0.10 and npm).
Start The Adventure!
Via npm
Start the adventure like so:
sudo npm install -g security-adventure
security-adventure
That's all there is to it; the security-adventure program will
instruct you further.
Via git
Alternatively, you can clone this git repository and follow the instructions in the rest of this README:
git clone https://github.com/toolness/security-adventure.git
cd security-adventure
npm install
cp app-vulnerable.js app.js
app.js is a full web application in about 150 lines of code that
allows users to create password-protected accounts and store private
plaintext notes in the cloud.
Run node app.js and then browse to http://localhost:3000 to familiarize
yourself with the behavior of the application by creating a user and saving
some notes. Then read the source of app.js to get a basic idea of how
everything works.
app.js contains lots of vulnerabilities, and your quest is to learn about
and fix all of them!
Vulnerability: Regular Expression Denial of Service
The regular expression used to validate usernames has a Regular Expression Denial of Service vulnerability in it.
Read about this vulnerability, and then try exploiting it manually by visiting the app in your browser and entering an invalid username that will cause the app to hang.
Then fix app.js.
Run bin/verify.js redos to verify that your solution works.
Vulnerability: Reflected Cross Site Scripting
The home page of the app accepts a msg querystring argument containing
a hex-encoded status message to display. This is used, for instance, when
users fail to authenticate properly and the server needs to provide feedback.
This isn't exactly a best practice for various reasons, but most importantly, it contains a Reflected Cross Site Scripting vulnerability!
Read about the vulnerability, and then try crafting a URL that, when visited,
causes a logged-in user's browser to display an alert dialog that contains
their session cookie (accessible through document.cookie).
Stopping Cookie Theft
Cookie theft is a particularly big danger because it allows attackers to
do anything on a user's behalf, whenever they want. So first, mitigate
the effects of XSS vulnerabilities by modifying sessionCookie.serialize()
in app.js to issue HttpOnly cookies.
Manually test your solution by loading your specially crafted URL from the previous section; you shouldn't see the session cookie in that alert dialog anymore (you will have to log out and log back in for the HttpOnly cookie to be set properly).
Run bin/verify.js httponly to verify that your solution works.
Defining a Content Security Policy
It's nice that the damage that can be done via the XSS attack is somewhat mitigated, but it's way better to prevent the attack entirely!
The Content Security Policy specification is one of the most awesome security innovations to come to browsers in recent years. It allows servers to change the default allowances for what kinds of script can be executed, and even what kinds of embedded resources (such as iframes, images, and style sheets) can be included in a page. This is in accordance with the Principle of Least Authority, which is a good best practice for any secure system.
Since our app doesn't actually have any client-side script or embedded
content, we can enforce the most restrictive CSP possible by setting the
Content-Security-Policy header to default-src 'none'.
Once you've done this, load your specially crafted URL again; you shouldn't even see an alert dialog, and your browser's debugging console might even explain why your JS wasn't executed.
Run bin/verify.js csp to verify that your solution works.
Stopping XSS with HTML Escaping
CSP is only available on the most modern browsers, and we need to protect users on older ones too. Besides that, of course, we actually want to display the message content in a correct and useful way.
This can be done by properly escaping the untrusted input coming in
from the msg querystring argument.
The OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet is indispensable
here. Check it out and use a reliable function like underscore's
_.escape to escape the msg argument before inserting it into your
HTML. (Note that if you decide to use underscore, you'll want to install it
first using npm install underscore.)
Run bin/verify.js html-escaping to verify that your solution works.
Vulnerability: Cross-Site Request Forgery
Cookies are a form of ambient authority, which means that they get sent with every request to a website--even when that request comes from a different website!
Consider a website called killyournotes.com which contains the following form:
<body onload="document.forms[0].submit()">
<form method="POST" action="http://localhost:3000/">
<input type="hidden" name="notes" value="gotcha.">
</form>
</body>Every user logged in to your application would immediately have their notes deleted whenever they visited killyournotes.com!
Try doing this now: copy the above text and paste it into an HTML file anywhere. Then visit the file in your browser and see what happens.
This is called a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) because it involves another site "forging" a request to your application and taking advantage of the ambient authority provided by cookies. In security parlance, your application has unwittingly become a confused deputy.
This exploit can be protected against by requiring that every incoming request that changes your application's state (e.g. a POST request) also come with an explicit token guaranteeing that the request indeed came from a page on your site, and not someone else's.
To complete this mission, you'll need to do a number of things:
-
When a GET request arrives at your application, check to see if the session has a value called
csrfToken. If it doesn't, create one using crypto.randomBytes() and set the session cookie. -
Whenever your site displays a form, add a hidden input with the name
csrfTokento the form, and set its value to that ofsession.csrfToken. -
Whenever your site processes a POST request, ensure that the incoming form data has a value for
csrfTokenthat matches that ofsession.csrfToken. If it doesn't, return a 403 (forbidden) reponse code.
Once you've done this, your exploit should result in a 403 instead of deleting the current user's notes, and your application should still retain all existing functionality.
Run bin/verify.js csrf to verify that your solution works.
Hooray!
You've completed all the challenges so far. You can verify that your app.js
protects against all the problems you've solved, and still retains its
basic functionality, by running bin/verify.js all.
If you want to learn more about Web security, you should read Michal Zalewski's The Tangled Web. It is hilarious and very educational.
Goals and Future Plans
app-vulnerable.js intentionally contains a number of OWASP-defined
security vulnerabilities that aren't currently part of the quest, such as:
- Sensitive Data Exposure for password storage
- Insecure Direct Object References / Broken Authentication and Session Management for session keys
Learners should first exploit these vulnerabilities, so they understand how they work, and then modify the code to implement defenses against them.
Ideally, the tutorial will also teach users about more recent innovations in browser security, such as HTTP Strict Transport Security. It should also teach developers how to use security tools like the Zed Attack Proxy to easily detect for vulnerabilities in their own applications.
By the end of the tutorial, users will have familiarized themselves with a variety of types of attacks. The will also have familiarized themselves with the OWASP website and will be equipped to independently learn about security in the future.