Table of Contents

• Pre-requisites
• Usage
• Security
• Gas costs
• Using Bridge on Testnet
• Deploying and Using Locally
• Contract Development Workflow

Pre-requisites

The current version of CLI is all-in-one package -- it is used both for production and testing. As a result, even if you need CLI only for the token transfer you need to install all testing dependencies. This will be changed in the future.

• Install golang, see.
• Make sure you are using Node with version >=12 and <=13. We recommend using nvm for installing node and npm, if you already don't have one. This constraint will be removed soon;
• yarn
• docker, for deterministic compile rust contracts
• bash, for preparation steps (needs to be re-implemented in JS)

If you want to test with a local near node:

• You would also need to install resources needed to compile nearcore (in the future this will only be required for the testing CLI):

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
source $HOME/.cargo/env
rustup default stable
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown

• Then install dependencies needed for the compilation of nearcore, see.
• python3 pip , for nearup

Install nearup

pip3 install nearup

Usage

Clone this repo, yarn install, then to learn the commands that you can use with the rainbow bridge run:

    cli/index.js --help

Parameters of each command can be specified through environment variables, command line arguments, entries in the ~/.rainbow/config.json config file, or the default value will be used -- in that priority. If argument is not provided and there is no default value the program will not execute.

If script successfully executes a command then each parameter provided through the command line argument will be written into the config file. Additionally, if scripts generates new parameters (e.g. it deploys a contract to Ethereum and obtains its address) will also be written into the config file. Arguments should not be specified multiple times.

Note, you can use environment variables to pass sensitive data which will not lead to it being written into the config file.

Security

• Guide on how to quickly configure the watchdog for Mainnet

Bridge is secure as long as majority (1/2) of Etherem mining power is honest and supermajority (2/3) of NEAR stake is honest. There are no additional security requirements, except that Ethereum should be able to accept 1 transaction within 4 hour period even in the worst congestion scenario.

Gas costs

NEAR fees are negligible, both for bridge maintenance and for token transfer. Ethereum fees are the following:

• To transfer ERC20 token from ETH to NEAR: Approx 43,989 gas to set allowance and approx 37,407 gas to lock it;
• To transfer ERC20 token back from NEAR to ETH: Approx 240,531 gas to unlock the token;
• To submit a NEAR block header: approx 697,140 gas;
• To challenge a NEAR block header: approx 700k gas.

As of 2020-07-14 (gas price is 40 gwei) the cost of running bridge on NEAR mainnnet and Ethereum mainnet is approx 42 USD/day. The cost of ETH->NEAR transfer of ERC20 token is 1 USD. The cost of NEAR->ETH transfer of ERC20 token is 2 USD.

Using Bridge on Testnet

PoA vs PoW Ethereum networks

Rainbow bridge can be deployed either on PoW or PoA networks. However, the main use case of the bridge is Ethereum Mainnet, which makes its design very PoW-centric and it is only trustless and decentralized for PoW networks. Unfortunately, the only popular PoW testnet is Ropsten, which frequently undergoes huge reorgs of more than 16k blocks, because people test 51% attacks on it. 16k reorgs can wipe out entire contracts and revert days of computations. Overall, Ropsten has the following unfortunate specifics that does not exist with Ethereum Mainnet:

• Extremely long re-orgs;
• Gas price volatility -- Ropsten blocks might have orders of magnitude different median gas price;
• Slow block production -- sometimes Ropsten blocks are produced once per several minutes;
• Infura is unreliable on Ropsten

Therefore we advise users to not use Ropsten for bridge testing. Instead, we recommend using one of Ethereum's PoA testnet. Unfortunately, PoA networks have a differen header format and are also centralized by nature. Therefore when deploying bridge on PoA network please use --near-client-trusted-signer parameter. This will force EthOnNearClient to not validate Ethereum headers (since PoA headers are not valid PoW headers) and accept them only from the provided authority.

The documenation below assumes Rinkeby testnet.

Using existing bridge on Rinkeby

This section explains how to use existing bridge with mock ERC20 token that was already deployed. You would need to have some amount of this token on Rinkeby, so reach out to [email protected] if you want to give it a try.

We assume you have two accounts:

• One NEAR account on NEAR testnet with at least 1 NEAR token. We denote it as <near_token_holder_account> and its secret key as <near_token_holder_sk>;
• One Ethereum account on Rinkeby testnet with at least 1 ETH and 100 ERC20 tokens (this example uses ERC20 deployed to 0x8151a8F90267bFf183E06921841C5dE774499388 as an example. If you want some of these ERC20 tokens please contact [email protected]). We denote it as <eth_token_holder_address> and its private key as <eth_token_holder_sk>;

Make sure you have rainbow cli installed:

yarn install

If you have already used the bridge on this machine run a cleanup:

cli/index.js clean

If you're using rainbow-bridge-cli 1.x, create ~/.rainbow/config.json file with the following content:

{
  "nearNetworkId": "testnet",
  "nearNodeUrl": "https://rpc.testnet.near.org/",
  "ethNodeUrl": "https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/<project_id>",
  "nearMasterAccount": "<near_token_holder_account>",
  "nearMasterSk": "<near_token_holder_sk>",
  "nearClientAccount": "ethonnearclient10",
  "nearProverAccount": "ethonnearprover10",
  "nearClientTrustedSigner": "eth2nearrelay10.testnet",
  "ethMasterSk": "<eth_token_holder_sk>",
  "ethEd25519Address": "0x9003342d15B21b4C42e1702447fE2f39FfAF55C2",
  "ethClientAddress": "0xF721c979db97413AA9D0F91ad531FaBF769bb09C",
  "ethProverAddress": "0xc5D62d66B8650E6242D9936c7e50E959BA0F9E37",
  "ethErc20Address": "0x8151a8F90267bFf183E06921841C5dE774499388",
  "ethLockerAddress": "0x5f7Cc23F90b5264a083dcB3b171c7111Dc32dD00",
  "nearFunTokenAccount": "mintablefuntoken11"
}

If you are using rainbow-bridge-cli 2.x, create ~/.rainbow/config.json file with the following content:

{
  "nearNetworkId": "testnet",
  "nearNodeUrl": "https://rpc.testnet.near.org/",
  "ethNodeUrl": "https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/<project_id>",
  "nearMasterAccount": "<near_token_holder_account>",
  "nearMasterSk": "<near_token_holder_sk>",
  "nearClientAccount": "ethonnearclient10",
  "nearProverAccount": "ethonnearprover10",
  "nearClientTrustedSigner": "eth2nearrelay10.testnet",
  "ethMasterSk": "<eth_token_holder_sk>",
  "ethEd25519Address": "0x9003342d15B21b4C42e1702447fE2f39FfAF55C2",
  "ethClientAddress": "0xF721c979db97413AA9D0F91ad531FaBF769bb09C",
  "ethProverAddress": "0xc5D62d66B8650E6242D9936c7e50E959BA0F9E37",
  "nearTokenFactoryAccount": "ntf4.bridge2.testnet",
  "ethErc20Address": "0x21e7381368baa3f3e9640fe19780c4271ad96f37",
  "ethLockerAddress": "0x7f66c116a4f51e43e7c1c33d3714a4acfa9c40fb",
  "nearErc20Account": "21e7381368baa3f3e9640fe19780c4271ad96f37.ntf4.bridge2.testnet"
}

You can get infura project id, by registering at infura.io.

To transfer ERC20 from ETH to NEAR run:

cli/index.js TESTING transfer-eth-erc20-to-near --amount 10 --eth-sender-sk <eth_token_holder_address> --near-receiver-account <near_token_holder_account>

(If the command interrupts in the middle re-run it and it will resume the transfer. PoA RPC sometimes has issues) Wait for the transfer to finish. You should see:

Transferred
Balance of <near_token_holder_account> after the transfer is 10

To transfer ERC20 back from NEAR to ETH run:

cli/index.js TESTING transfer-eth-erc20-from-near --amount 1 --near-sender-account <near_token_holder_account> --near-sender-sk <near_token_holder_sk> --eth-receiver-address <eth_token_holder_address>

You should see:

ERC20 balance of <eth_token_holder_address> after the transfer: 91

Congratulations, you have achieved a roundtrip of ERC20 token through the bridge!

Deploying and Using Locally

To locally test the bridge run:

cli/index.js clean
cli/index.js prepare
cli/index.js start near-node
cli/index.js start ganache

Initializing the contracts

First let's initialize the contracts that bridge needs to function:

cli/index.js init-near-contracts
cli/index.js init-eth-ed25519
cli/index.js init-eth-client --eth-client-lock-eth-amount 1000 --eth-client-lock-duration 10
cli/index.js init-eth-prover

Now, let's set up token on Ethereum blockchain that we can transfer to NEAR blockchain (this can be your own token).

cli/index.js init-eth-erc20
cli/index.js init-eth-locker

Now, let's initialize token factory on NEAR blockchain.

cli/index.js init-near-token-factory

Starting the services

Now start the services that will relay the information between the chains:

cli/index.js start eth2near-relay
cli/index.js start near2eth-relay --eth-master-sk 0x2bdd21761a483f71054e14f5b827213567971c676928d9a1808cbfa4b7501201
cli/index.js start bridge-watchdog --eth-master-sk 0x2bdd21761a483f71054e14f5b827213567971c676928d9a1808cbfa4b7501202

Note, you can observe the logs of the relays by running:

pm2 logs

Transferring tokens

Let's check the balance of bridged tokens from ETH to NEAR before starting the transfer. To this end let's use node0 account, which is automatically created and funded on startup when localnet is started.

cli/index.js TESTING get-bridge-on-near-balance --near-receiver-account node0

Then transfer some tokens with:

cli/index.js TESTING transfer-eth-erc20-to-near --amount 1000 --eth-sender-sk 0x2bdd21761a483f71054e14f5b827213567971c676928d9a1808cbfa4b7501200 --near-receiver-account node0 --near-master-account neartokenfactory

Now you check the balance of node0 again. You should notice the balance was changed.

Note, when we deployed ERC20 to the Ethereum blockchain we have minted a large number of tokens to the default master key of Ganache, so we have transferred ERC20 tokens from it to node0 account. Notice that we are using neartokenfactory.node0 account here to pay for the NEAR gas fees, any account for which we know a secret key would've worked too. You must observe blocks being submitted.

You can also manually check the ERC20 balance of the receiver before and after receiving the transfer back from the NEAR side

cli/index.js TESTING get-erc20-balance 0xEC8bE1A5630364292E56D01129E8ee8A9578d7D8

Now let's try to transfer one token back to Ethereum

cli/index.js TESTING transfer-eth-erc20-from-near --amount 1 --near-sender-account node0 --near-sender-sk ed25519:3D4YudUQRE39Lc4JHghuB5WM8kbgDDa34mnrEP5DdTApVH81af7e2dWgNPEaiQfdJnZq1CNPp5im4Rg5b733oiMP --eth-receiver-address 0xEC8bE1A5630364292E56D01129E8ee8A9578d7D8

You should observe the change of the ERC20 balance as reported by the CLI.

Stopping the services

To stop relay services and node clients execute the following command:

cli/index.js stop all

Or you can stop them one by one using these commands:

cli/index.js stop near-node
cli/index.js stop ganache
cli/index.js stop eth2near-relay
cli/index.js stop near2eth-relay
cli/index.js stop bridge-watchdog

Contract Development Workflow

Above steps are ways to run a local bridge and development workflows you need if make any changes to rainbow-bridge-cli. If you want to update any of solidity or rust contracts, they're not in this repo now and workflow is as following.

• Install dependencies:

cli/index.js clean
cli/index.js prepare

• Start local NEAR network and Ganache

cli/index.js near-node
cli/index.js ganache

• If you want to modify solidity contracts, go to node_modules/rainbow-bridge-sol, make changes there and run ./build_all.sh to recompile solidity contracts.
• If you want to modify rust contracts, go to node_modules/ranbow-bridge-rs, make changes there and run ./build_all.sh to recompile rust contracts.
• If you want to modify rainbow bridge lib, go to node_modules/rainbow-bridge-lib and make changes there
• Follow instructions above to init eth contracts and near contracts, start services and start testing with bridge
• For changes to Solidity contract, Rust contract, and rainbow-bridge-lib, please submit PRs to: https://github.com/near/rainbow-bridge-sol , https://github.com/near/rainbow-bridge-rs , and https://github.com/near/rainbow-bridge-lib respectively.
• After PR merged in contract repos and rainbow-bridge-lib repo, we will periodically publish them as new version of npm packages. And rainbow-bridge-cli will adopt new version of them.