Making the Best of Jupyter

Tips, Tricks, Best Practices with Sample Code for Productivity Boost

Found useful by Nobel Laureates and more:

"..., this looks very helpful"

• Economics Nobel Laureate 2018, Dr. Paul Romer on Twitter

Contents

• Getting Started Right
• Debugging - IPython debugger and set_trace()
• Programming Sugar - using shell commands with Python from within notebook and other hacks
  • Search Magic - search across several notebooks for a code snippet
• Jupyter Kungfu - jupyter specific tips such as looking up docs in several ways
  • Sanity Checks
  • ⭐ nbdime - Better git diff for Jupyter
  • Markdown Printing - Use formatted Markdown in your print statements
  • Find currently running cell - javascript snippet which adds a keyboard shortcut to find currently executing cell
• Better Mindset - covers broader Python recommendations
• Plotting and Visualization Tips

Getting Started Right

• Start your Jupyter server with supervisor or tmux instead of direct ssh or bash. This works out to be more stable Jupyter server which doesn't die unexpectedly. Consider writing the buffer logs to a file rather than stdout
  • This is specially useful when working inside Docker using docker attach where you might not see a lot of logs
• Consider using a ssh client like MobaXterm Personal Portable Edition with multiple tabbed ssh client options
• Refer How to Tunnel using SSH (with illustrations) to tunnel to a remote Jupyter notebook

Debugging

• When you see an error, you can run %debug in a new cell to activate IPython Debugger. Standard keyboard shortcuts such as c for continue, n for next, q for quit apply
• Use from IPython.core.debugger import set_trace to IPython debugger checkpoints, the same way you would for pdb in PyCharm

from IPython.core.debugger import set_trace

def foobar(n):
    x = 1337
    y = x + n
    set_trace() #this one triggers the debugger
    return y

foobar(3)

Returns:

> <ipython-input-9-04f82805e71f>(7)fobar()
      5     y = x + n
      6     set_trace() #this one triggers the debugger
----> 7     return y
      8 
      9 foobar(3)

ipdb> q
Exiting Debugger.

Preference Note: If I already have an exception, I prefer %debug because I can zero down to the exact line where code breaks compared to set_trace() where I have to traverse line by line

• When editing imported code, use %load_ext autoreload; %autoreload 2 . The autoreload utility reloads modules automatically before entering the execution of code typed at the IPython prompt.

This makes the following workflow possible:

In [1]: %load_ext autoreload

In [2]: %autoreload 2  # set autoreload flag to 2. Why? This reloads modules every time before executing the typed Python code

In [3]: from foo import some_function

In [4]: some_function()
Out[4]: 42

In [5]: # open foo.py in an editor and change some_function to return 43

In [6]: some_function()
Out[6]: 43

• When using print(out_var) on a nested list or dictionary, consider doing print(json.dumps(out_var, indent=2)) instead. It will pretty print the output string.

Programming Sugar

• Executing a shell command from inside your notebook. You can use this to check what files are in available in your working folder!ls *.csv or even !pwd to check your current working directory
  • You can cd {PATH} where PATH is a Python variable, similarly you can do PATH = !pwd to use relative paths instead of absolute
  • Both pwd and !pwd work with mild preference for !pwd to signal other code readers that this is a shell command
  • Shell commands are nice, but we discourage their use - makes it difficult to refactor to script later. For instance cd ../../ in Jupyter could be done using os.setcwd()as well
• Running jupyter from an environment does NOT mean that the shell environment in ! will have the same environment variables
  • Running !pip install foo (or conda install bar) will use the pip which is in the path for the sh shell which might be different from whatever bash shell environment you use
• If you want to install a package while inside Jupyter and !pip install foo doesn't seem to do it, try:

import sys
!{sys.executable} -m pip install foo  # sys.executable points to the python that is running in your kernel 

Search Magic

Use the Search Magic file - no need to pip install. Download and use the file.

In [1]: from search_magic import SearchMagic
In [2]: get_ipython().register_magics(SearchMagic)

In [3]: %create_index

In [4]: %search tesseract
Out[4]: Cell Number -> 2
        Notebook -> similarity.ipynb
        Notebook Execution Number -> 2

Jupyter Kungfu

• If in a cell after writing a function you hit shift + tab, it will display function's docstring in a tooltip, and it has options to expand the tooltip or expand it at the bottom of the screen
• Use ?func_name() to view function, class docstrings etc. For example:

?str.replace() 

Returns:

Docstring:
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str

Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
Type:      method_descriptor

• List all the variables/functions in a module: module_name.*?. For instance: pd.*?. Additionally, this works with prefixes: pd.read_*? and pd.*_csv? will also work
• Show the docstring+code for a function/class using : pd.read_csv??
• Press h to view keyboard shortcuts

Sanity Checks

• If your imports are failing, check your notebook kernel on the right top in gray
• Consider using conda for instead of pip virtualenv similar because that ensures package versions are consistent. conda is not a Python package manager. Check conda (vs pip): Myths and Misconceptions from the creator of Pandas
• The cell type can be changed to markdown and plain text too
  • Some people convert code cells to markdown if you don't want to execute them but don't want to comment either
• Consider downloading a notebook as a Python file and then push to Github for code review or use nbdime

nbdime

Selective Diff/Merge Tool for jupyter notebooks

Install it first:

pip install -e git+https://github.com/jupyter/nbdime#egg=nbdime

It should automatically configure it for jupyter notebook. If something doesn’t work, see installation.

Then put the following into ~/.jupyter/nbdime_config.json:

{

  "Extension": {
    "source": true,
    "details": false,
    "outputs": false,
    "metadata": false
  },

  "NbDiff": {
    "source": true,
    "details": false,
    "outputs": false,
    "metadata": false
  },

  "NbDiffDriver": {
    "source": true,
    "details": false,
    "outputs": false,
    "metadata": false
  },

  "NbMergeDriver": {
    "source": true,
    "details": false,
    "outputs": false,
    "metadata": false
  },

  "dummy": {}
}

Change outputs value to true if you care to see outputs diffs too.

Markdown Printing

Including markdown in your code’s output is very useful. Use this to highlight parameters, performance notes and so on. This enables colors, Bold, etc.

from IPython.display import Markdown, display
def printmd(string, color=None):
    colorstr = "<span style='color:{}'>{}</span>".format(color, string)
    display(Markdown(colorstr))

printmd("**bold and blue**", color="blue")

Find currently running cell

Add this snippet to the start of your notebook. Press Alt+I to find the cell being executed right now. This does not work if you have enabled vim bindings:

%%javascript
// Go to Running cell shortcut
Jupyter.keyboard_manager.command_shortcuts.add_shortcut('Alt-I', {
    help : 'Go to Running cell',
    help_index : 'zz',
    handler : function (event) {
        setTimeout(function() {
            // Find running cell and click the first one
            if ($('.running').length > 0) {
                //alert("found running cell");
                $('.running')[0].scrollIntoView();
            }}, 250);
        return false;
    }
});

Better Mindset

• IMPORTANT: Frequently rewrite each cell logic into functions. These functions can be moved to separate .py files on regular intervals. Your notebook run should be mainly function calls.
  • This would prevent your notebook from becoming a giant pudding of several global variables
• If particular cells take too long to run, add %%time cell magic as a warning + runtime logger
• If you are on Py3.6+, please use f-strings! f"This is iteration: {iter_number}"is much more readable than .format() syntax
• Any code that is used in more than 3 notebooks should be moved to .py files (such as utils.py) and imported such as from xxx_imports import *
• Quite often, we frequently re-run same code cell. Instead, refactor that cell to a function and call that function repeatedly to prevent accidental edits
• Use Pathlib instead of os.path wherever possible for more readable code. Here is a beginner friendly tutorial. If you just want to review, refer the crisp tutorial or official docs

Plotting and Visualization

• Always have %matplotlib inline to ensure that the plots are rendered inside the notebook
• Use separate plotting functions instead of repeating plt.plot code to avoid code bloating. Using subplots from Matplotlib OO API is usually neater than using more plt.plots

def show_img(im, figsize=None, ax=None, title=None):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    if not ax: fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
    ax.imshow(im, cmap='gray')
    if title is not None: ax.set_title(title)
    ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(True)
    ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(True)
    return ax
    
def draw_rect(ax, bbox):
    import matplotlib.patches as patches
    x, y, w, h = bbox
    patch = ax.add_patch(patches.Rectangle((x, y), w,h, fill=False, edgecolor='red', lw=2))

show_img is a reusable plotting function which can be easily extended to plot one off images as well properly use subplots. In below example, I use a single figure and add new images as subplots using the neater axes.flat syntax:

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(6, 2))
ax = show_img(char_img, ax= axes.flat[0], title = 'char_img_line_cropping:\n'+str(char_img.shape))
ax = show_img(char_bg_mask, ax=axes.flat[1], title = 'Bkg_mask:\n'+str(char_bg_mask.shape))

#  If you are working on image segmentation task, you can easily add red rectangles per subplot:
draw_rect(ax, char_bounding_boxes)  # will add red bounding boxes for each character

Please don't overdo Cell Magic

• Don't use alias and alias_magic unless extremely helpful. Aliases make your code difficult to read for other developers
• Don't leave %%timeit in your code. Why? Because it does 1,00,000 runs of the cell and then return average of best 3 runtimes. This is not always needed. Instead use %%time or add average times in inline comments