Eesen
Eesen is to simplify the existing complicated, expertise-intensive ASR pipeline into a straightforward sequence learning problem. Acoustic modeling in Eesen involves training a single recurrent neural network (RNN) to model the mapping from speech to text. Eesen abandons the following elements required by the existing ASR pipeline:
- Hidden Markov models (HMMs)
- Gaussian mixture models (GMMs)
- Decision trees and phonetic questions
- Dictionary, if characters are used as the modeling units
- ...
Eesen was created by Yajie Miao with inspiration from the Kaldi toolkit. Thank you, Yajie!
Key Components
Eesen contains 4 key components to enable end-to-end ASR:
- Acoustic Model -- Bi-directional RNNs with LSTM units.
- Training -- Connectionist temporal classification (CTC) as the training objective.
- WFST Decoding -- A principled decoding approach based on Weighted Finite-State Transducers (WFSTs), or
- RNN-LM Decoding -- Decoding based on (character) RNN language models, when using Tensorflow (currently its own branch)
Highlights of Eesen
- The WFST-based decoding approach can incorporate lexicons and language models into CTC decoding in an effective and efficient way.
- The RNN-LM decoding approach does not require a fixed lexicon.
- GPU implementation of LSTM model training and CTC learning, now also using Tensorflow.
- Multiple utterances are processed in parallel for training speed-up.
- Fully-fledged example setups to demonstrate end-to-end system building, with both phonemes and characters as labels, following Kaldi recipes and conventions.
Experimental Results
Refer to RESULTS under each example setup.
References
For more information, please refer to the following paper(s):
Yajie Miao, Mohammad Gowayyed, and Florian Metze, "EESEN: End-to-End Speech Recognition using Deep RNN Models and WFST-based Decoding," in Proc. Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU), Scottsdale, AZ; U.S.A., December 2015. IEEE.