Deploying ML models with FastAPI, Docker, and Kubernetes

By: Sayak Paul and Chansung Park

^{Figure developed by Chansung Park}

This project shows how to serve an ONNX-optimized image classification model as a RESTful web service with FastAPI, Docker, and Kubernetes (k8s). The idea is to first Dockerize the API and then deploy it on a k8s cluster running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). We do this integration using GitHub Actions.

👋 Note: Even though this project uses an image classification its structure and techniques can be used to serve other models as well. We also worked on a TF Serving equivalent of this project. Check it out here.

Update July 19 2022: This project won the #TFCommunitySpotlight award.

Deploying the model as a service with k8s

• We decouple the model optimization part from our API code. The optimization part is available within the notebooks/TF_to_ONNX.ipynb notebook.

• Then we locally test the API. You can find the instructions within the api directory.

• To deploy the API, we define our deployment.yaml workflow file inside .github/workflows. It does the following tasks:

  • Looks for any changes in the specified directory. If there are any changes:
  • Builds and pushes the latest Docker image to Google Container Register (GCR).
  • Deploys the Docker container on the k8s cluster running on GKE.

Configurations needed beforehand

• Create a k8s cluster on GKE. Here's a relevant resource. We used 8 nodes (each with 2 vCPUs and 4 GBs of RAM) for the cluster.

• Create a service account key (JSON) file. It's a good practice to only grant it the roles required for the project. For example, for this project, we created a fresh service account and granted it permissions for the following: Storage Admin, GKE Developer, and GCR Developer.

• Crete a secret named GCP_CREDENTIALS on your GitHub repository and copy paste the contents of the service account key file into the secret.

• Configure bucket storage related permissions for the service account:

  $ export PROJECT_ID=<PROJECT_ID>
  $ export ACCOUNT=<ACCOUNT>
  
  $ gcloud -q projects add-iam-policy-binding ${PROJECT_ID} \
      --member=serviceAccount:${ACCOUNT}@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
      --role roles/storage.admin
  
  $ gcloud -q projects add-iam-policy-binding ${PROJECT_ID} \
      --member=serviceAccount:${ACCOUNT}@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
      --role roles/storage.objectAdmin
  
  gcloud -q projects add-iam-policy-binding ${PROJECT_ID} \
      --member=serviceAccount:${ACCOUNT}@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
      --role roles/storage.objectCreator

• If you're on the main branch already then upon a new push, the worflow defined in .github/workflows/deployment.yaml should automatically run. Here's how the final outputs should look like (run link):

Notes

• Since we use CPU-based pods within the k8s cluster, we use ONNX optimizations since they are known to provide performance speed-ups for CPU-based environments. If you are using GPU-based pods then look into TensorRT.

• We use Kustomize to manage the deployment on k8s.

• We conducted load-testing varying the number of workers, RAM, nodes, etc. From that experiment, we found out that for our setup, 8 nodes each having 2 vCPUs and 4 GBs of work the best in terms of throughput and latency. The figure below summarizes our results:

  

  You can find the load-testing details under locust directory.

Querying the API endpoint

From workflow outputs, you should see something like so:

NAME             TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)        AGE
fastapi-server   LoadBalancer   xxxxxxxxxx   xxxxxxxxxx        80:30768/TCP   23m
kubernetes       ClusterIP      xxxxxxxxxx     <none>          443/TCP        160m

Note the EXTERNAL-IP corresponding to fastapi-server (iff you have named your service like so). Then cURL it:

curl -X POST -F [email protected] -F with_resize=True -F with_post_process=True http://{EXTERNAL-IP}:80/predict/image

You should get the following output (if you're using the cat.jpg image present in the api directory):

"{\"Label\": \"tabby\", \"Score\": \"0.538\"}"

The request assumes that you have a file called cat.jpg present in your working directory.

Note that if you don't see any external IP address from your GitHub Actions console log, then after successful deployment, do the following:

# Authenticate to your GKE cluster.
$ gcloud container clusters get-credentials ${GKE_CLUSTER} --zone {GKE_ZONE} --project {GCP_PROJECT_ID}
$ kubectl get services -o wide

From there, note the external IP.

Acknowledgements

• ML-GDE program for providing GCP credit support.
• Hannes Hapke for providing might insightful points for conducting load-tests.