Awesome Database Learning
A list of learning materials to understand databases internals, including but not limited to:
- papers
- blogs
- courses
- talks
Please submit a pull request if there is any material that you think should be included in this collection.
Table of Contents
- Recommended Courses, Books and Talks
- SQL & Relation Algebra
- Query Optimizer
- Query Execution
- DDL
- Relational Model
- Transaction
- Network
- Storage
- Serializing & RPC
- Data Partitioning
- Replication & Consistency
- Consensus
- Scheduling
- Benchmark & Testing
- HTAP
- TLA+
Recommended Courses, Books and Talks
Courses
- CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
- CMU Advanced Database Systems (15-721), thanks to Andy Pavlo
- UC Berkeley Introduction to Database Systems
- Stanford Database System Implementation
- Cornell Introduction to Database Systems by Prof. Trummer
- Let's Build a Simple Database, thanks to cstack
Books
- Stanford Database Systems: The Complete Book
- Designing Data-Intensive Applications, 中文翻译
- Database Internals
- Foundations of Databases
- Readings in Database Systems, 5th Edition
- Database Design and Implementation: Second Edition (Data-Centric Systems and Applications)
- Principles of Distributed Database Systems, 4th ed
- Inside SQLite
- Architecture of a Database System
- Relational Database Index Design and the Optimizers
- Transactional Information Systems: Theory, Algorithms, and the Practice of Concurrency Control
Talks
- Data Structures and Algorithms for Big Databases
- A Journey From A Quick HackTo A High-Reliability Database Engine
Blogs
- How does a relational database work
- The Internals of PostgreSQL
- Books propose
- what is database and its types
SQL & Relation Algebra
Courses:
-
CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
-
UC Berkeley Introduction to Database Systems
- Introduction + SQL I
- SQL II
- Relational Algebra
Query Optimizer
Courses:
- CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Blogs:
- 数据库内核杂谈, thanks to 顾仲贤
- SQL优化器原理 - 查询优化器综述, thanks to 勿烦
Planner Models
Blogs:
- 数据库内核杂谈, thanks to 顾仲贤
- SQL 查询优化原理与 Volcano Optimizer 介绍, thanks to 张茄子
- Cascades Optimizer, thanks to hellocode
Papers:
- 1979, Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System, SIGMOD
- 1979, Query Processing in Main Memory Database Management Systems, VLDB
- 1987, Query Optimization by Simulated Annealing, SIGMOD
- 1988, Grammar-like Functional Rules for Representing Query Optimization Alternatives, SIGMOD
- 1993, The Volcano Optimizer Generator- Extensibility and Efficient Search, ICDE
- 1995, The Cascades Framework for Query Optimization, IEEE Data engineering Bulltin
- 1998, An Overview of Query Optimization in Relational Systems, PODS
- 2001, LEO – DB2’s LEarning Optimizer, VLDB
- 2004, Robust Query Processing through Progressive Optimization, SIGMOD
- 2014, Orca: A Modular Query Optimizer Architecture for Big Data, SIGMOD
- 2016, Parallelizing Query Optimization on Shared-Nothing Architectures, VLDB
- 2016, The MemSQL Query Optimizer: A modern optimizer for real-time analytics in a distributed database, VLDB
Subquery Optimization
Blogs:
- SQL 子查询的优化, thanks to Eric Fu
- Calcite 子查询处理 - I (RemoveSubQuery), thanks to 一只无情的小猫咪
- Calcite 子查询处理 - II (Decorrelate), thanks to 一只无情的小猫咪
Papers:
- 2001, Orthogonal Optimization of Subqueries and Aggregation, SIGMOD
- 2009, Enhanced subquery optimizations in Oracle, VLDB
- 2015, Unnesting Arbitrary Queries, BTW
Join Order Optimization
Papers:
- 2006, Analysis of Two Existing and One New Dynamic Programming Algorithm for the Generation of Optimal Bushy Join Trees without Cross Products, VLDB
- 2015, How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?, VLDB
- 2018, Adaptive Optimization of Very Large Join Queries, SIGMOD
Functional Dependency & Physical Properties
Thesis:
Papers:
- 1996, Fundamental Techniques for Order Optimization, SIGMOD
- 2004, An Efficient Framework for Order Optimization, ICDE
- 2010, Incorporating Partitioning and Parallel Plans into the SCOPE Optimizer, ICDE
Cost Model
Papers:
- 1996, Modelling Costs for a MM-DBMS, in Real-Time Databases
- 2014, Approximation Schemes for Many-Objective Query Optimization, SIGMOD
- 2015, Multi-Objective Parametric Query Optimization, VLDB
Statistics
Papers:
- 1984, Accurate Estimation of the Number of Tuples Satisfying a Condition, SIGMOD
- 1993, Optimal Histograms for Limiting Worst-Case Error Propagation in the Size of Join Results, ACM Trans. on Database Systems
- 1993, Universality of Serial Histograms, VLDB
- 1995, Balancing Histogram Optimality and Practicality for Query Result Size Estimation, SIGMOD
- 1996, Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates, SIGMOD
- 1997, SEEKing the truth about ad hoc join costs, VLDB
- 2000, Towards Estimation Error Guarantees for Distinct Values, SIGMOD/PODS
- 2001, Distinct Sampling for Highly-Accurate Answers to Distinct Values Queries and Event Reports, VLDB
- 2003, The History of Histograms, VLDB
- 2005, An Improved Data Stream Summary: The Count-Min Sketch and its Applications, Journal of Algorithms
- 2007, New Estimation Algorithms for Streaming Data: Count-min Can Do More
- 2009, Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors, VLDB
- 2010, Histograms Reloaded: The Merits of Bucket Diversity, SIGMOD
- 2014, Exploiting Ordered Dictionaries to Efficiently Construct Histograms with Q-Error Guarantees in SAP HANA, SIGMOD
- 2017, Adaptive Statistics in Oracle 12c, VLDB
- 2019, Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities, SIGMOD
- 2019, Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation, VLDB
- 2020, NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables, VLDB
Books:
Query Execution
Courses:
Execution Framework
Papers:
- 1994, Volcano-An Extensible and Parallel Query Evaluation System, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data EngineeringFebruary
- 2014, Morsel-Driven Parallelism: A NUMA-Aware Query Evaluation Framework for the Many-Core Age, SIGMOD
Vectorization vs Compilization
Blogs:
- Overhead of a Generalized Query Execution Engine, from The Pivotal Engineering Journal, thanks to the Pivotal Engineering team
Papers:
- 2005, MonetDB/X100: Hyper-Pipelining Query Execution, CIDR
- 2011, Efficiently Compiling Efficient Query Plans for Modern Hardware, VLDB
- 2017, Relaxed Operator Fusion for In-Memory Databases: Making Compilation, Vectorization, and Prefetching Work Together At Last, VLDB
- 2018, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Compiled and Vectorized Queries But Were Afraid to Ask, VLDB
- 2018, Adaptive Execution of Compiled Queries, ICDE
Join
Papers:
- 2013, Multi-Core, Main-Memory Joins: Sort vs. Hash Revisited, VLDB
- 2017, Looking Ahead Makes Query Plans Robust, VLDB
Hash Table
Courses:
- CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Blogs:
- Fibonacci Hashing: The Optimization that the World Forgot (or: a Better Alternative to Integer Modulo), thanks to Malte Skarupke
- All hash table sizes you will ever need, thanks to Database Architects - Thomas Neumann
Bloom Filter
Papers:
DDL
- 2013, Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1, VLDB
Relational Model
Blogs:
- What is a Relational Database?, thanks to Caleb Curry
- What is a Relational Database?,thank to JAMES GALLAGHER
Codd's Rules
Blogs:
Relational Data Model
Blogs:
- Relational model, thanks to Wikipedia
Relational Algebra
Blogs:
ER to Relational Model
Blogs:
- ER Model to Relational Model, thanks to tutorialspoint
SQL - Overview
Blogs:
- An Overview of SQL Text Functions, thanks to Zahin Rahman
Transaction
Isolation Levels
Blogs:
- 一致性模型, thanks to siddontang
Papers:
- 1995, A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels, SIGMOD
- 2000, Generalized Isolation Level Definitions, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Data Engineering
Concurrency Control
Courses:
-
CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
-
CMU Advanced Database Systems (15-721), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Papers:
- 1976, The Notions of Consistency and Predicate Locks in a Database System, Communications of the ACM
- 1981, Concurrency Control in Distributed Database Systems, ACM Computing Surveys
- 1981, On Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control, ACM Transactions on Database Systems
- 1983, Multiversion Concurrency Control - Theory and Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Database Systems
- 2012, Serializable Snapshot Isolation in PostgreSQL, VLDB
- 2012, Calvin: Fast Distributed Transactions for Partitioned Database Systems, SIGMOD
- 2014, MaaT: effective and scalable coordination of distributed transactions in the cloud, VLDB
- 2014, Staring into the Abyss: An Evaluation of Concurrency Control with One Thousand Cores, VLDB
- 2014, An Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Deterministic Database Systems, VLDB
- 2015, Fast Serializable Multi-Version Concurrency Control for Main-Memory Database Systems, SIGMOD
- 2017, An Empirical Evaluation of In-Memory Multi-Version Concurrency Control, VLDB
- 2017, An Evaluation of Distributed Concurrency Control, VLDB
- 2019, Scalable Garbage Collection for In-Memory MVCC Systems, VLDB
Network
Courses:
- CMU Advanced Database Systems (15-721), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Papers:
- 2016, The End of Slow Networks: It's Time for a Redesign, VLDB
- 2016, Accelerating Relational Databases by Leveraging Remote Memory and RDMA, SIGMOD
- 2017, Don't Hold My Data Hostage: A Case for Client Protocol Redesign, VLDB
Storage
NoSQL Systems
Papers:
- 2006, Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data, OSDI
- 2007, Dynamo: Amazon’s Highly Available Key-value Store, SOSP
- 2008, PNUTS: Yahoo!’s Hosted Data Serving Platform, VLDB
- 2010, Cassandra - A Decentralized Structured Storage System, SOSP
- 2019, PNUTS to Sherpa: Lessons from Yahoo!’s Cloud Database , VLDB
Buffer Management
Courses:
- CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Papers:
- 1987, The 5 Minute Rule for Trading Memory for Disc Accesses and the 5 Byte Rule for Trading Memory for CPU Time, SIGMOD
- 2008, The Five Minute Rule 20 Years Later and How Flash Memory Changes the Rules, ACM Queue
- 2018, Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems, SIGMOD
- 2018, LeanStore: In-Memory Data Management Beyond Main Memory, ICDE
- 2020, Umbra: A Disk-Based System with In-Memory Performance, CIDR
Disk IO
Blogs:
- On Disk IO, Part 1: Flavors of IO, thanks to Alex
- On Disk IO, Part 2: More Flavours of IO, thanks to Alex
- On Disk IO, Part 3: LSM Trees, thanks to Alex
- On Disk IO, Part 4: B-Trees and RUM Conjecture, thanks to Alex
- On Disk IO, Part 5: Access Patterns in LSM Trees, thanks to Alex
- Ensuring data reaches disk(LWN)
- Read, write & space amplification - pick 2, thanks to Mark Callaghan
Papers:
- 2016, Design Tradeoffs of Data Access Methods, SIGMOD
- 2016, Designing Access Methods: The RUM Conjecture, EDBT
B-Tree
Blogs:
- B树、B+树索引算法原理（上） thanks to codedump
- B树、B+树索引算法原理（下）
Courses:
-
CMU Database Systems (15-445/645), thanks to Andy Pavlo
-
CMU Advanced Database Systems (15-721), thanks to Andy Pavlo
Papers:
- 1979, The Ubiquitous B-Tree
LSM-Tree
Papers:
- 1996, The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-Tree),
- 2014, A Comparison of Fractal Trees to Log-Structured Merge (LSM) Trees
- 2017, WiscKey: Separating Keys from Values in SSD-conscious Storage, TOS
- 2019, LSM-based Storage Techniques: A Survey
Learned Indexes Structures
Papers:
- 2018, The Case for Learned Index Structures
- 2019, Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes
- 2020, XIndex: A Scalable Learned Index for Multicore Data Storage
- 2020, RadixSpline: A Single-Pass Learned Index, Source Code, aiDM@SIGMOD
- 2020, The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds, Source Code, VLDB
- 2020, From WiscKey to Bourbon: A Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees
Serializing & RPC
Data Partitioning
Blogs:
Papers:
Replication & Consistency
Blogs:
Papers:
- 2012, Consistency Tradeoffs in Modern Distributed Database System Design
- 2020, Strong and Efficient Consistency with Consistency-Aware Durability , FAST 2020
Consensus
Technical report:
- University of Cambridge Distributed consensus revised, a great paper about Consenssus especially Paxos and Paxos-Related algorithms, by Heidi Howard
Papers:
- 2014, Ark: A Real-World Consensus Implementation, CoRR
Scheduling
Blogs:
Papers:
- 2016, Automated Demand-driven Resource Scaling in Relational Database-as-a-Service, SIGMOD
- 2019, Autoscaling Tiered Cloud Storage in Anna, VLDB
- 2020, Adaptive HTAP through Elastic Resource Scheduling, SIGMOD
- 2020, MorphoSys: Automatic Physical Design Metamorphosis for Distributed Database Systems, VLDB
Benchmark & Testing
Blogs:
- Use go-ycsb to benchmark different databases (1), thanks to siddontang
- Chaos Tools and Techniques for Testing the TiDB Distributed NewSQL Database, thanks to Liu Tang
- Creating Custom Sysbench Scripts, thanks to Matthew Boehm
Papers:
- 2010, Benchmarking Cloud Serving Systems with YCSB, SOCC
HTAP
Papers:
- 2020, TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database, VLDB
- 2020, F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service, VLDB
TLA+
Talks: