This is a new, essentially complete implementation of a cairo backend for Matplotlib. It can be used in combination with a Qt, GTK, Tk, wx, or macOS UI, or non-interactively (i.e., to save figure to various file formats).

Noteworthy points include:

• Improved accuracy (e.g., with marker positioning, quad meshes, and text kerning; floating point surfaces are supported with cairo≥1.17.2).
• Optional multithreaded drawing of markers and path collections.
• Optional support for complex text layout (right-to-left languages, etc.) and OpenType font features (see examples/opentype_features.py) and variations (see examples/opentype_variations.py) (requires cairo≥1.16.0), and partial support for color fonts (e.g., emojis), using Raqm. Note that Raqm depends by default on Fribidi, which is licensed under the LGPLv2.1+.
• Support for embedding URLs in PDF (but not SVG) output (requires cairo≥1.15.4).
• Support for multi-page output both for PDF and PS (Matplotlib only supports multi-page PDF).
• Support for custom blend modes (see examples/operators.py).
• Improved font embedding in vector formats: fonts are typically subsetted and embedded in their native format (Matplotlib≥3.5 also provides improved font embedding).

mplcairo requires

• Python≥3.7,
• Matplotlib≥2.2 (declared as install_requires),
• on Linux and macOS, pycairo≥1.16.0¹ (declared as install_requires),
• on Windows, cairo≥1.13.1² (shipped with the wheel).

It is recommended to use cairo≥1.17.4.

Additionally, building mplcairo from source requires

• pybind11≥2.6.0³ (declared as setup_requires),
• pycairo≥1.16.0 (declared as setup_requires).

As usual, install using pip:

$ pip install mplcairo  # from PyPI
$ pip install git+https://github.com/matplotlib/mplcairo  # from Github

Note that wheels are not available for macOS<10.13, because the libc++ included with these versions is too old and vendoring of libc++ appears to be fragile.

mplcairo can use Raqm (≥0.7.0; ≥0.7.2 is recommended as it provides better emoji support, especially in the presence of ligatures) for complex text layout and handling of OpenType font features. Refer to the instructions on that project's website for installation on Linux and macOS. On Windows, consider using Christoph Gohlke's build (the directory containing libraqm.dll and libfribidi-0.dll need to be added to the DLL search path).

On Fedora, the package is available as python-mplcairo.

This section is only relevant if you wish to build mplcairo yourself, or package it for redistribution. Otherwise, proceed to the Use section.

In all cases, once the dependencies described below are installed, mplcairo can be built and installed using any of the standard commands (pip wheel --no-deps ., pip install ., pip install -e . and python setup.py build_ext -i being the most relevant ones).

The following additional dependencies are required:

• a C++ compiler with C++17 support, e.g. GCC≥7.2 or Clang≥5.0.

• cairo and FreeType headers, and pkg-config information to locate them.

  If using conda, they can be installed using :

  conda install -y -c conda-forge pycairo pkg-config

  as pycairo (also a dependency) depends on cairo, which depends on freetype. Note that cairo and pkg-config from the anaconda channel will not work.

  On Linux, they can also be installed with your distribution's package manager (Arch: cairo, Debian/Ubuntu: libcairo2-dev, Fedora: cairo-devel).

Raqm (≥0.2) headers are also needed, but will be automatically downloaded if not found.

conda's compilers (gxx_linux-64 on the anaconda channel) currently interact poorly with installing cairo and pkg-config from conda-forge, so you are on your own to install a recent compiler (e.g., using your distribution's package manager). You may want to set the CC and CXX environment variables to point to your C++ compiler if it is nonstandard⁴. In that case, be careful to set them to e.g. g++-7 and not gcc-7, otherwise the compilation will succeed but the shared object will be mis-linked and fail to load.

The manylinux wheel is built using tools/build-manylinux-wheel.sh.

Clang≥5.0 can be installed from conda's anaconda channel (conda install -c anaconda clangxx_osx-64), or can also be installed with Homebrew (brew install llvm). Note that Homebrew's llvm formula is keg-only, i.e. it requires manual modifications to the PATH and LDFLAGS (as documented by brew info llvm).

On macOS<10.14, it is additionally necessary to use clang<8.0 (e.g. with brew install llvm@7) as clang 8.0 appears to believe that code relying on C++17 can only be run on macOS≥10.14+.

The macOS wheel is built using tools/build-macos-wheel.sh, which relies on delocate-wheel (to vendor a recent version of libc++). Currently, it can only be built from a Homebrew-clang wheel, not a conda-clang wheel (due to some path intricacies...).

The following additional dependencies are required:

• VS2019 (The exact minimum version is unknown, but it is known that mplcairo fails to build on the Github Actions windows-2016 agent and requires the windows-2019 agent.)

• cairo headers and import and dynamic libraries (cairo.lib and cairo.dll) with FreeType support. Note that this excludes, in particular, most Anaconda and conda-forge builds: they do not include FreeType support.

  The currently preferred solution is to get the headers e.g. from a Linux distribution package, the DLL from a pycairo wheel (e.g. from PyPI), and generate the import library oneself using dumpbin and lib.

  Alternatively, very recent conda-forge builds (≥1.16.0 build 1005) do include FreeType support. In order to use them, the include path needs to be modified as described below. (This is currently intentionally disabled by default to avoid confusing errors if the cairo build is too old.)

• FreeType headers and import and dynamic libraries (freetype.lib and freetype.dll), which can be retrieved from https://github.com/ubawurinna/freetype-windows-binaries, or alternatively using conda:

  conda install -y freetype

The (standard) CL_ and LINK_ environment variables (which always get prepended respectively to the invocations of the compiler and the linker) should be set as follows:

set CL=/IC:\path\to\dir\containing\cairo.h /IC:\same\for\ft2build.h
set LINK=/LIBPATH:C:\path\to\dir\containing\cairo.lib /LIBPATH:C:\same\for\freetype.lib

In particular, in order to use a conda-forge cairo (as described above), {sys.prefix}\Library\include\cairo needs to be added to the include path.

Moreover, we also need to find cairo.dll and freetype.dll and copy them next to mplcairo's extension module. As the dynamic libraries are typically found next to import libraries, we search the /LIBPATH: entries in the LINK environment variable and copy the first cairo.dll and freetype.dll found there.

The script tools/build-windows-wheel.py automates the retrieval of the cairo (assuming that pycairo is already installed) and FreeType DLLs, and the wheel build.

On Linux and Windows, mplcairo can be used as any normal Matplotlib backend: call e.g. matplotlib.use("module://mplcairo.qt") before importing pyplot, add a backend: module://mplcairo.qt line in your matplotlibrc, or set the MPLBACKEND environment variable to module://mplcairo.qt. More specifically, the following backends are provided:

• module://mplcairo.base (No GUI, but can output to EPS, PDF, PS, SVG, and SVGZ using cairo's implementation, rather than Matplotlib's),
• module://mplcairo.gtk (GTK widget, copying data from a cairo image surface — GTK3 or GTK4 can be selected by calling gi.require_version("Gtk", "3.0") or gi.require_version("Gtk", "4.0") before importing the backend),
• module://mplcairo.gtk_native (GTK widget, directly drawn onto as a native surface; does not and cannot support blitting — see above for version selection),
• module://mplcairo.qt (Qt widget, copying data from a cairo image surface — select the binding to use by importing it before mplcairo, or by setting the QT_API environment variable),
• module://mplcairo.tk (Tk widget, copying data from a cairo image surface),
• module://mplcairo.wx (wx widget, copying data from a cairo image surface),
• module://mplcairo.macosx (macOS widget, copying data from a cairo image surface).

On macOS, prior to Matplotlib 3.8, it was necessary to explicitly import mplcairo before importing Matplotlib (unless your Matplotlib is built with system_freetype = True). A practical option was to import mplcairo, then call e.g. matplotlib.use("module://mplcairo.macosx").

Jupyter is entirely unsupported (patches would be appreciated). One possibility is to set the MPLCAIRO_PATCH_AGG environment variable to a non-empty value before importing Matplotlib; this fully replaces the Agg renderer by the cairo renderer throughout Matplotlib. However, this approach is inefficient (due to the need of copies and conversions between premultiplied ARGB32 and straight RGBA8888 buffers); additionally, it does not work with the wx and macosx backends due to peculiarities of the corresponding canvas classes. On the other hand, this is currently the only way in which the webagg-based backends (e.g., Jupyter's interactive widgets) can use mplcairo.

At import-time, mplcairo will attempt to load Raqm. The use of that library can be controlled and checked using the set_options and get_options functions.

The examples directory contains a few cases where the output of this renderer is arguably more accurate than the one of the default renderer, Agg:

• circle_markers.py and square_markers.py: more accurate and faster marker stamping.
• marker_stamping.py: more accurate marker stamping.
• quadmesh.py: better antialiasing of quad meshes, fewer artefacts with masked data.
• text_kerning.py: improved text kerning.

Install (in the virtualenv) pytest>=3.1.0 and pytest-benchmark, then call (e.g.):

pytest --benchmark-group-by=fullfunc --benchmark-timer=time.process_time

Keep in mind that conda-forge's cairo is (on my setup) ~2× slower than a "native" build of cairo.

Run run-mpl-test-suite.py (which depends on pytest>=3.2.2) to run the Matplotlib test suite with the Agg backend patched by the mplcairo backend. Note that Matplotlib must be installed with its test data, which is not the case when it is installed from conda or from most Linux distributions; instead, it should be installed from PyPI or from source.

Nearly all image comparison tests "fail" as the renderers are fundamentally different; currently, the intent is to manually check the diff images. Passing --tolerance=inf marks these tests as "passed" (while still textually reporting the image differences) so that one can spot issues not related to rendering differences. In practice, --tolerance=50 appears to be enough.

Some other (non-image-comparison) tests are also known to fail (they are listed in ISSUES.rst, with the relevant explanations), and automatically skipped.

Run run-examples.py to run some examples that exercise some more aspects of mplcairo.

The artist antialiasing property can be set to any of the cairo_antialias_t enum values, or True (the default) or False (which is synonym to NONE).

Setting antialiasing to True uses FAST antialiasing for lines thicker than 1/3px and BEST for lines thinner than that: for lines thinner than 1/3px, the former leads to artefacts such as lines disappearing in certain sections (see e.g. test_cycles.test_property_collision_plot after forcing the antialiasing to FAST). The threshold of 1/3px was determined empirically, see examples/thin_line_antialiasing.py.

Note that in order to set the lines.antialiased or patch.antialiased rcparams to a cairo_antialias_t enum value, it is necessary to bypass rcparam validation, using, e.g.

dict.__setitem__(plt.rcParams, "lines.antialiased", antialias_t.FAST)

The text.antialiased rcparam can likewise be set to any cairo_antialias_t enum value, or True (the default, which maps to SUBPIXEL — GRAY is not sufficient to benefit from Raqm's subpixel positioning; see also cairo issue #152) or False (which maps to NONE).

Note that in rare cases, on cairo<1.17.4, FAST antialiasing can trigger a "double free or corruption" bug in cairo (#44). If you hit this problem, consider using BEST or NONE antialiasing (depending on your quality and speed requirements).

For fast drawing of path with many segments, the agg.path.chunksize rcparam should be set to e.g. 1000 (see examples/time_drawing_per_element.py for the determination of this value); this causes longer paths to be split into individually rendered sections of 1000 segments each (directly rendering longer paths appears to have slightly superlinear complexity).

The path.simplify_threshold rcparam is used to control the accuracy of marker stamping, down to an arbitrarily chosen threshold of 1/16px. If the threshold is set to a lower value, the exact (slower) marker drawing path will be used. Marker stamping is also implemented for scatter plots (which can have multiple colors). Likewise, markers of different sizes get mapped into markers of discretized sizes, with an error bounded by the threshold.

NOTE: pcolor and mplot3d's plot_surface display some artefacts where the facets join each other. This is because these functions internally use a PathCollection; this triggers the approximate stamping, and even without it (by setting path.simplify_threshold to zero), cairo's rasterization of the edge between the facets is poor. pcolormesh (which internally uses a QuadMesh) should generally be preferred over pcolor anyways. plot_surface could likewise instead represent the surface using QuadMesh, which is drawn without such artefacts.

In order to use a specific font that Matplotlib may be unable to use, pass a filename directly:

from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
fig.text(.5, .5, "hello, world",
         fontproperties=FontProperties(fname="/path/to/font.ttf"))

or more simply, with Matplotlib≥3.3:

from pathlib import Path
fig.text(.5, .5, "hello, world", font=Path("/path/to/font.ttf"))

mplcairo still relies on Matplotlib's font cache, so fonts unsupported by Matplotlib remain unavailable by other means.

For TTC fonts (and, more generally, font formats that include multiple font faces in a single file), the nth font (n≥0) can be selected by appending #n to the filename (e.g., "/path/to/font.ttc#1").

OpenType font features can be selected by appending |feature,... to the filename, followed by a HarfBuzz feature string (e.g., "/path/to/font.otf|frac,onum"); see examples/opentype_features.py. A language tag can likewise be set with |language=...; currently, this always applies to the whole buffer, but a PR adding support for slicing syntax (similar to font features) would be considered.

OpenType font variations can be selected by appending an additional | to the filename, followed by a Cairo font variation string (e.g., "/path/to/font.otf||wdth=75"); see examples/opentype_variations.py. This support requires Cairo>=1.16. Note that features are parsed first, so if you do not wish to specify any features, you must specify an empty set with two pipes, i.e., font.otf|variations will treat variations as features, not variations.

The syntaxes for selecting TTC subfonts and OpenType font features and language tags are experimental and may change, especially if such features are implemented in Matplotlib itself.

Color fonts (e.g. emojis) are handled.

Matplotlib's PdfPages class is deeply tied with the builtin backend_pdf (in fact, it cannot even be used with Matplotlib's own cairo backend). Instead, use mplcairo.multipage.MultiPage for multi-page PDF and PS output. The API is similar:

from mplcairo.multipage import MultiPage

fig1 = ...
fig2 = ...
with MultiPage(path_or_stream, metadata=...) as mp:
    mp.savefig(fig1)
    mp.savefig(fig2)

See the class' docstring for additional information.

cairo is able to write PDF 1.4 and 1.5 (defaulting to 1.5), PostScript levels 2 and 3 (defaulting to 3), and SVG versions 1.1 and 1.2 (defaulting to 1.1). This can be controlled by passing a metadata dict to savefig with a MaxVersion entry, which must be one of the strings "1.4"/"1.5" (for pdf), "2"/"3" (for ps), or "1.1"/"1.2" (for svg).

Setting the MPLCAIRO_SCRIPT_SURFACE environment variable before mplcairo is imported to vector or raster allows one to save figures (with savefig) in the .cairoscript format, which is a "native script that matches the cairo drawing model". The value of the variable determines the rendering path used (e.g., whether marker stamping is used at all). This may be helpful for troubleshooting purposes.

Note that cairo-script output is generally broken on cairo≤1.17.8.

draw_markers draws a marker at each control point of the given path, which is the documented behavior, even though all builtin renderers only draw markers at straight or Bézier segment ends.

Due to missing support from cairo:

• SVG output does not support global metadata or set URLs or ids on any element, as cairo provides no support to do so.
• PS output does not respect SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.
• PS output does not support the Creator metadata key; however it supports the Title key.
• The following rcparams have no effect:
  • pdf.fonttype (font type is selected by cairo internally),
  • pdf.inheritcolor (effectively always False),
  • pdf.use14corefonts (effectively always False),
  • ps.fonttype (font type is selected by cairo internally),
  • ps.useafm (effectively always False),
  • svg.fonttype (effectively always "path", see cairo issue #253),
  • svg.hashsalt.

Additionally, the quality, optimize, and progressive parameters to savefig, which have been removed in Matplotlib 3.5, are not supported.

• Cache eviction policy and persistent cache for draw_path_collection.
• Use QtOpenGLWidget and the cairo-gl backend.

They are very slow (try running examples/mplot3d/wire3d_animation.py) and render math poorly (try title(r"$\sqrt{2}$")).