kweatherman/ida_missinglink

Time Travel Debug (TTD) trace file - indirect branch info comment IDA Pro plugin.
Takes a trace file of a Windows executable using Microsoft® TTD with WinDbgX or using the TTD.exe utility and adds missing indirect branch target info in IDA Pro as assembly view comments.
Main use case is for help in debugging and reversing Windows executables with heavy C++ abstractions or otherwise ones with many indirect branches (x86/AMD64 CALL and JMP by pointer instructions).

Now we see the call edi at 403C67h called into six local functions during the input trace.

Another example, we see this time an external call into kernelbase.dll!InitializeCriticalSectionEx was made:

Might not seem that useful at first glance, but can be very helpful for executables that are C++ OOP paradigm heavy to see where the indirect branches go. Something you can't get from just static analysis alone. One would have to step through the instructions in a debugger and mark down the call targets manually.

Also by inference, one can get some sense of call coverage in function blocks where there are multiple indirect branches inside a function. If you see a block with #ML: comments, you know that block was executed. If there are other blocks with indirect branches and no comments then more than likely that block was not hit (but should verify in a WinDbgX TTD session with a BP on the block if its important). If there are no comments at all in a function with indirect branches, it was probably never executed at all.

Copy IDA_MissingLink.dll and IDA_MissingLink64.dll to your IDA plugins directory.
Add a hotkey for the plugin in your IDA "plugins.cfg" or invoke from IDA's Edit->Plugins menu.
Requires IDA Pro version 8'ish.

Invoke the plugin via its hotkey or via the IDA Edit/Plugin menu:

DbgX AMD64 TTD folder: First you need to set where your WinDbgX AMD64\TTD folder is located here. If you have the latest WinDbgX version (as of 2/23/2023) it will be the default:
C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.WinDbg_1.2210.3001.0_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe\amd64\ttd
To make the TTD folder more accessible since that app folder has limited rights, etc., copy the whole WinDbgX folder to something like C:\Utility\WinDbgX. And then you would input C:\Utility\WinDbgX\amd64\ttd in this box.

• Place 'ML' comment tags: Check this (the default) to place a #ML: tag at each plugin placed plugin comment to help discern between manually placed and plugin placed comments.

• Save JSON DB: Check to optionally save module list and collected indirect branch info to a JSON DB file.
  This data can be useful for gathering stats like a list of modules and function addressed called within complex multi-module targets, etc.
  See the repo included ml_db_loader.py loader module and JSON data dump example.

Warning: The plugin will overwrite any existing comments on lines where indirect branches are found. Make a snapshot/backup of your IDB first.

1. Click "Continue" to start. You will be presented with a file load dialog to select a trace ".run" (or trace file in a "zip" or "cab") file.

2. If you optionally checked "Save JSON DB" then you will be presented with a JSON save file dialog. Select a folder and a save file name.

3. Let the plugin run.

   Depending on the size of the trace file, size of the executable, etc., it could take anywhere from just seconds to serval minutes to complete.
   Note: The MS trace replay engine will utilize multiple threads using the MS thread pool API internally. The higher the spec machine and physical core count, the faster the plugin will process the trace.

On completion, the log output should look something like this: ...

First a dump of all the modules in the trace, followed by the list of indirect branch source addresses that you can click on.
See the top for example of what the assembly view comments look like.

The module list shows original captured address bases.
For best results, rebase your IDA DB to the base address as was recorded in your TTD trace first.

Can be applied to any module in the trace (with the exception of non-loaded ones, see "Known problems" below) not just the main executable.
This works particularly well for processes made up of multiple modules vs one large PE file.

The placed target comments are organized in such a way to convey the information in a readable terse way.

1. Only short module names are displayed (not the full path). Can be confusing for rare cases where multiple of the same short named module exist in a trace.
2. For target addresses that are outside of a module space, they are displayed with their original trace relative address prefixed with a '*'.
3. Target addresses are sorted from left to right by occurrence count. The address with the most hits is shown first.
4. If the target DLL ends with a standard ".dll" extension, it's trimmed off the name to help reduce comment lengths.
5. If the the total characters exceeds the COMMENT_STRING_LIMIT constant limit, the end of the comment will be appended with a " ..." to indicate this out of space condition.

The traditional way to record a TTD trace is to do it within WinDbgX. Directions how to do this are here: "Time Travel Debugging - Record a trace".
But the TDD system itself is not actually a debugger (it's some sort of sophisticated instrumented tracing system) and can be controlled from the command line.

All paths here are relative to:
C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.WinDbg_1.2210.3001.0_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe\amd64\ttd
or wherever you have WinDbgX + "amd64\ttd".

1. Start the process and get it's PID. Get the PID from the command line using one of these options "Get process id with Windows Cmd", or from a GUI using ProcessExplorer, or ProcessHacker, etc.
2. Run the command line: ttd.exe -out "C:\MyTraces" -attach <PID> to start the trace. Where "C:\MyTraces" is trace file output folder.
3. Now exercise various functions and actions in the target process of interest for which you whish to get good code trace coverage.

When done with the tracing, either do a command line ttd.exe -stop <PID> to stop, or just terminate the process.

Using the Image File Execution Options (IFEO) "Debugger attach" feature, we can setup "TTD.exe" to start tracing on the target by file name as soon as the executable starts so one can capture all of the process initialization code from the beginning.

A handy command line way to set the registry entry is:
reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\MyTarget.exe" /v Debugger /t REG_SZ /d "C:\MyWindDbgX\amd64\ttd\ttd.exe -Out "C:\MyTraces"" /f
Where "C:\MyWindDbgX" is your WinDbgX folder (shortened here for brevity), and "MyTarget.exe" is the short file name for the target executable.

To stop the trace, can use the same ttd.exe -out "C:\MyTraces" -attach <PID> mentioned above, or just terminate the recording process to end it.

To remove the automatic tracing registry entry use the command line:
reg delete "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\MyTarget.exe" /f

Trace file names are serialized. On your first recording it will be "MyTarget01.run", the next one "MyTarget02.run", and so on.

An issue was discovered where if a ".run" trace file also has a companion ".idx" index file (that WinDbgX creates on load) it can cause the play engine not to fire JMP and CALL callbacks. The obvious way to handle it was to just delete the index file or just temporarily rename it since for large traces WinDbgX can take a long time to recreate the index for large traces.

My initial fix to add to the plugin was just a warning box. I looked for perhaps an undocumented flag to disable the index loading, but there is no check for one in the code. On further examination, I found that in "TTDReplay.dll" the check for an index file is done by a single call to "GetFileAttributesW". My solution is to just hook this API call and spoof "file doesn't exist" results when it's argument is an ".idx" file.
A little hackish maybe, and it's isn't necessarily futureproof, but then probably anyone that would use this plugin understands this anyhow.
If the user doesn't want the IDA's process "GetFileAttributesW" hooked (only while the plugin is invoked only anyhow), just don't have a an ".idx" index file in the same location as the trace file, and also don't include them in a packed trace file ".cab" or ".zip" file neither.

I originally thought up this tool idea after spending countless hours reversing and debugging large multiple module composed executables built with heavy C++ class paradigms. Repeated thoughts of: "Wouldn't it be nice to know where these pointer calls and jumps go?".

Plus some of my colleagues raved about how TTD (using WinDbgX aka "WinDbg Preview") greatly improved debugging Windows applications.

Then seeing the excellent ttd-bindings project by commial/Ajax, and seeing the derivative ttddbg - Time Travel Debugging IDA plugin, it was time to do some R&D and develop this.

Differences between my "Time Travel Debugger engine interface" (DbgTtd) used here, and commial's ttd-bindings (TTDB) from which DbgTtd is derived.

• Preference for derived C++ namespaces vs using Snake_Case/Title_Case. I.E. With DbgTtd it's "TTD::Replay::ReplayEngine" vs the "TTD_Replay_ReplayEngine" TTDB style.
• By declaring all derived member functions as virtual, there is no need for wrapper functions that TTDB uses and makes the code easier to read in the process. The code will generate a single vftable offset internally as expected.
• Additional things defined (to at least some extent) like TTD::Replay::RegisterContext, TTD::Replay::QueryMemoryPolicy, TTD::SystemInfo, and many additional class members.
• General cleanup and reduction in code bulk preferring Windows APIs like Wincrypt over external 3rd party code et al.
• Using exception handling to catch potential crashes within the engine.
• Added an ErrorReporting setup which handles internal errors to avoid common logical crashes (see TTDB #22).

Hopefully MS will release an official API so these interoperability layers will no longer be needed.

• For what ever reason, the MS TDD recording engine doesn't always save a complete DLL image in memory (think Windows Minidump .dmp files which are similar). Almost always this will be kernel32.dll that is missing. Not sure what the reason is, hopefully MS will fix it in the next TTD release.
• The "Cancel" button on my WaitBoxEx custom wait box doesn't actually cancel anything. There are problems yet to be solved for it to function properly.

Built using Visual Studio 2022, on Windows 10 64bit, with the only external dependency being the official IDA Pro C/C++ SDK.
The setup in the project file looks for an environment variable _IDADIR from which it expects to find the "idasdk/include" and "idasdk/lib" folders from there where the IDA SDK is located (not using IDADIR since IDA uses it and it can cause conflicts if you have more than one installed IDA version).

Python 3.10'ish or better to use the ml_db_loader.py JSON DB module/loader script.

Microsoft® for the Windows TTD technology et al.
Thanks to commial/Ajax for ttd-bindings that made this project possible.

Released under MIT © 2023 By Kevin Weatherman.
JSON for Modern C++, Copyright © 2013 [Niels Lohmann], MIT license.
MinHook Copyright (C) 2009-2017 Tsuda Kageyu.
Hacker Disassembler Engine 64, Copyright © 2009, Vyacheslav Patkov.