Redress - A tool for analyzing stripped binaries
The redress software is a tool for analyzing stripped Go binaries compiled with the Go compiler. It extracts data from the binary and uses it to reconstruct symbols and performs analysis. It essentially tries to "re-dress" a "stripped" binary. It can be downloaded from its GitHub page.
It has two operation modes. The first is a standalone mode where the binary is executed on its own. The second mode is used when the binary is executed from within radare2 via r2pipe. The binary is aware of its environment and behaves accordingly.
For the examples shown the malware pplauncher
(f94ca9b1b01a7b06f19afaac3fbe0a43075c775a) will be used.
The malware was first reported by
Malwarebytes.
Running it standalone
To run redress, just execute it on the command line. Below are some of the possible flags that can be given. It is possible to use multiple flags to extract different data. If no flags are given, no data is extracted. The idea is to print more information than what is asked by the user.
% redress -h
______ _
| ___ \ | |
| |_/ /___ __| |_ __ ___ ___ ___
| // _ \/ _ | '__/ _ / __/ __|
| |\ | __| (_| | | | __\__ \__ \
\_| \_\___|\__,_|_| \___|___|___/
Usage:
redress [command]
Available Commands:
completion generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell
gomod Display go mod information.
help Help about any command
info Print summary information.
moduledata Display sections extracted from the moduledata structure.
packages List packages.
r2 Use redress with in r2.
source Source Code Projection.
types List types.
version Display redress version information.
Flags:
-h, --help help for redress
Use "redress [command] --help" for more information about a command.
Information
Information about Go binary is shown by using the info command. Information
displayed include the compiler version and the date it was released, the build
id, GoRoot, and the folder path for the main package.
% redress info pplauncher
OS macOS
Arch amd64
Compiler 1.10 (2018-02-16)
Build ID 3xkvDz8awVOl0TA6jJs9/tcgWkdP85A-MJ6hpnmKm/_xkzRloiGp8H5mHsQgkh/7Kj4aF9BTT0MY_gaQnQI
GoRoot /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec
Main root /Users/ronald/git/go-workspace/src/keybase.io/safetycrew/pplauncher
# main 1
# std 35
# vendor 2
Packages
The different Go packages used in the binary can be extracted with the packages
command. Redress tries to only print the packages that are part of the project
and skips standard library and 3rd party library packages.
% redress packages pplauncher
Packages:
Name Version
---- -------
main
Sometimes though, redress fails to classify a package. In this case, the
unclassified packages can be printed by also provide the --unknown flag:
% redress packages pplauncher --unknown
Packages:
Name Version
---- -------
main
Unknown Packages:
Name Version
---- -------
To also include the standard library, use the --std flag. For 3rd party
packages, use the flag --vendor.
% redress packages pplauncher --std --vendor
Packages:
Name Version
---- -------
main
Vendors:
Name Version
---- -------
vendor/golang_org/x/net/route
vendor/golang_org/x/net/route.(*wireFormat).(vendor/golang_org/x/net/route
Standard Library Packages:
Name Version
---- -------
bufio
bytes
compress/flate
compress/gzip
context
encoding/binary
errors
fmt
hash
hash/crc32
internal/cpu
internal/poll
internal/singleflight
internal/testlog
io
io/ioutil
math
math/rand
net
os
os/exec
os/signal
path/filepath
reflect
runtime
runtime/debug
sort
strconv
strings
sync
sync/atomic
syscall
time
unicode
unicode/utf8
The folder locations can be included in the output by using the --filepath flag.
% redress packages pplauncher --std --filepath
Packages:
Name Version Path
---- ------- ----
main /Users/ronald/git/go-workspace/src/keybase.io/safetycrew/pplauncher
Standard Library Packages:
Name Version Path
---- ------- ----
bufio /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/bufio
bytes /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
compress/flate /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/compress/flate
compress/gzip /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/compress/gzip
context /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/context
encoding/binary .
errors /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/errors
fmt /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/fmt
hash .
hash/crc32 /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/hash/crc32
internal/cpu /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/internal/cpu
internal/poll /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
internal/singleflight /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/internal/singleflight
internal/testlog /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/internal/testlog
io /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/io
io/ioutil .
math .
math/rand /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/math/rand
net /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/net
os /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
os/exec /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/os/exec
os/signal /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
path/filepath /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/path/filepath
reflect /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
runtime /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
runtime/debug /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
sort /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/sort
strconv /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/strconv
strings /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
sync /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
sync/atomic /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/sync/atomic
syscall /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
time /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/runtime
unicode /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/unicode
unicode/utf8 /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.10/libexec/src/unicode/utf8
Extracting types
Redress has multiple commands that can be used to extract different type data.
Interfaces can be extracted with the interface command. By default, standard
library and vendor interfaces are filtered out. These can be included by also
providing the --std and --vendor flag.
% redress types interface pplauncher
type error interface {
Error() string
}
type interface {} interface{}
type route.Addr interface {
Family() int
}
type route.Message interface {
Sys() []route.Sys
}
type route.Sys interface {
SysType() int
}
type route.binaryByteOrder interface {
PutUint16([]uint8, uint16)
PutUint32([]uint8, uint32)
Uint16([]uint8) uint16
Uint32([]uint8) uint32
Uint64([]uint8) uint64
}
Structures can be extracted with the struct command. Same as with interfaces,
standard library and vendor structures are filtered out but can be included by
providing the --std or --vendor flag.
% redress types struct pplauncher
...
type main.bintree struct {
Func func() (*main.asset, error)
Children map[string]*main.bintree
}
...
type main.asset struct {
bytes []uint8
info os.FileInfo
}
type main.bindataFileInfo struct {
name string
size int64
mode uint32
modTime time.Time
}
...
Methods definitions for the structure is shown by including the --methods flag.
% redress types struct pplauncher --methods
...
type main.asset struct {
bytes []uint8
info os.FileInfo
}
type main.bindataFileInfo struct {
name string
size int64
mode uint32
modTime time.Time
}
func (main.bindataFileInfo) IsDir() bool
func (main.bindataFileInfo) ModTime() time.Time
func (main.bindataFileInfo) Mode() uint32
func (main.bindataFileInfo) Name() string
func (main.bindataFileInfo) Size() int64
func (main.bindataFileInfo) Sys() interface {}
...
It is also possible to print all types in the binary by using the all command.
Estimating source code layout
One feature of redress is to reconstruct the source code tree layout. This
can be done by using the source command. By default, standard library and 3rd
party packages are excluded but can be included by providing the flags --std,
--vendor, and/or --unknown flags.
The output includes the package name and its folder location at compile time. For each file, the functions defined within are printed. The output also includes auto generated functions produced by the compiler. For each function, redress tries to guess the starting and ending line number.
% redress source pplauncher
Package main: /Users/ronald/git/go-workspace/src/keybase.io/safetycrew/pplauncher
File: <autogenerated>
init Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)Mode Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)Name Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)ModTime Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)Size Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)Sys Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
(*bindataFileInfo)IsDir Lines: 1 to 1 (0)
File: bindata.go
bindataRead Lines: 21 to 54 (33)
bindataFileInfoName Lines: 54 to 57 (3)
bindataFileInfoSize Lines: 57 to 60 (3)
bindataFileInfoMode Lines: 60 to 63 (3)
bindataFileInfoModTime Lines: 63 to 66 (3)
bindataFileInfoIsDir Lines: 66 to 69 (3)
bindataFileInfoSys Lines: 69 to 74 (5)
dataLibmicrohttpd12DylibBytes Lines: 74 to 81 (7)
dataLibmicrohttpd12Dylib Lines: 81 to 94 (13)
dataMshelperBytes Lines: 94 to 101 (7)
dataMshelper Lines: 101 to 115 (14)
Asset Lines: 115 to 124 (9)
File: pplauncher.go
init0 Lines: 17 to 21 (4)
check Lines: 21 to 29 (8)
cleanupMinerDirectory Lines: 29 to 52 (23)
extractPayload Lines: 52 to 74 (22)
fetchConfig Lines: 74 to 120 (46)
launchMiner Lines: 120 to 142 (22)
exitGracefully Lines: 142 to 152 (10)
autoKill Lines: 152 to 160 (8)
autoKillfunc1 Lines: 153 to 163 (10)
handleExit Lines: 160 to 169 (9)
handleExitfunc1 Lines: 163 to 166 (3)
main Lines: 169 to 178 (9)
Using redress with radare2
Redress can be executed from within radare2 via r2pipe. If redress is
executed with no flags, it performs an automatic analysis of the binary. It
will extract all the functions and methods and construct symbol flags for them.
It will also extract the types in the binary. It will mark the corresponding
_type with this flag to make analysis easier. By doing this, it highlights
which actual type is being allocated on the heap for easier analysis. The last
thing redress does is to also tell radare2 to analyze the main.init and
main.main function recursively.
% r2 pplauncher
-- radare2 contributes to the One Byte Per Child foundation.
[0x01055c90]> #!pipe redress r2 init
Compiler version: go1.10 (2018-02-16T16:05:53Z)
39 packages found.
2943 function symbols found
Analyzing all init functions.
Analyzing all main.main.
1717 type symbols found
Redress also support some flags when executed from within radare2. These flags can be used to print the Go definition for a specific type.
[0x01055c90]> #!pipe redress r2 help
Use redress with in r2.
Usage:
redress r2 [command]
Aliases:
r2, radare, radare2, r
Available Commands:
init Perform the initial analysis
line Annotate function with source lines.
strarr Print string array.
type Print type definition.
Flags:
-h, --help help for r2
Use "redress r2 [command] --help" for more information about a command.
Working with types
The type identification by redress makes the analysis easier. In the code
snippet below, it can be seen that memory for the type main.bintree is
to be allocated.
; CODE XREF from sym.main.init (0x10eb3de)
0x010eb14d e80ed2f1ff call sym.runtime.makemap_small
0x010eb152 488b0424 mov rax, qword [rsp]
0x010eb156 4889442440 mov qword [var_40h], rax
0x010eb15b 488d0dbeba02. lea rcx, sym.type.main.bintree
0x010eb162 48890c24 mov qword [rsp], rcx
0x010eb166 e8155ef2ff call sym.runtime.newobject
To get the type definition of this type, the address for the flag needs to be known.
:> f~sym.type.main.bintree
0x01116c20 1 sym.type.main.bintree
By executing redress with the type command and the address, the type
definition is returned:
> #!pipe redress r2 type 0x01116c20
type main.bintree struct{
Func func() (*main.asset, error)
Children map[string]*main.bintree
}
It is possible to chain the two commands:
:> #!pipe redress r2 type `f~sym.type.main.bintree~[0]`
type main.bintree struct{
Func func() (*main.asset, error)
Children map[string]*main.bintree
}
A better way is to define a radare2 macro:
:> (type flag,#!pipe redress r2 type `f~$0~[0]`)
:> .(type sym.type.main.bintree)
type main.bintree struct{
Func func() (*main.asset, error)
Children map[string]*main.bintree
}