Language	Test Suite	Code Coverage
Go
Rust
TypeScript

This is an attempt to define a generic, cross-language, binary representation of merkle proofs, which can be generated by many underlying merkle tree storage implementations and validated by many client libraries over various languages.

The end goal is to provide a standard representation not only for light-client proofs of blockchains, but more specifically for proofs that accompany IBC (inter-blockchain communication) packets as defined in the cosmos specification.

The features and naming follow the ICS23: Vector Commitments Specification

• Proof of Existence (key-value pair linked to root hash)
• Hold Existence Proof to db-specific spec (avoid reinterpretation of bytes to different key-value pair)
• Proof of Non-Existence (key proven not to be inside tree with given root hash)

• Batch Proof or Range Proof (prove many keys at once, more efficiently than separate proofs)

The top level package will provide language-agnostic documentation and protobuf specifications. Every language should have a sub-folder, containing both protobuf generated code, as well as client-side code for validating such proofs. The server-side code should live alongside the various merkle tree representations (eg. not in this repository)

• Go
• TypeScript
• Rust

• Solidity - thanks to Mossid

• tendermint/iavl - this is the reference implementation for proofs from tendermint/iavl
• tendermint - SimpleMerkleProof - support for key-value proofs created by crypto/merkle.SimpleProofsFromMap

• nomic-io/merk

• go-ethereum Patricia Trie

I spent quite some time to wrestle out a well-defined serialization and a validation logic that didn't involve importing too much code from go-ethereum (copying parts and stripping it down to the minimum). At the end, I realized the key is only present from parsing the entire path and is quite a painstaking process, even with go code that imports rlp and has the custom patricia key encodings. After a long time reflecting, I cannot see any way to implement this that doesn't either: (A) allow the provider to forge a different key that cannot be detected by the verifier or (B) include a huge amount of custom code in the client side.

If anyone has a solution to this, please open an issue in the proofs-ethereum repo.

This format is designed to support any merklized data store that encodes key-value pairs into a node, and computes a root hash by repeatedly concatenating hashes and re-hashing them.

Notably, this requires the key to be present in the leaf node in order to enforce the structure properly and prove the key provided matches the proof without extensive db-dependent code. Since some tries (such as Ethereum's Patricia Trie) do not store the key in the leaf, but require precise analysis of every step along the path in order to reconstruct the path, these are not supported. Doing so would require a much more complex format and most likely custom code for each such database. The design goal was to be able to add new data sources with only configuration (spec object), rather than custom code.