Fast Binary Encoding allows to describe any domain models, business objects, complex data structures, client/server requests & responses and generate native code for different programming languages and platforms.

Fast Binary Encoding documentation
Fast Binary Encoding downloads
Fast Binary Encoding specification

Performance comparison to other protocols can be found here:

Typical usage workflow is the following:

1. Create domain model using base types, enums, flags and structs
2. Generate domain model for any supported programming languages (C++, C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Python, Ruby, Swift)
3. Build domain model library
4. Serialize/Deserialize objects from the domain model in unified, fast and compact FastBinaryEncoding (FBE) format
5. JSON convert objects from the domain model in order to use them in Web API
6. Implement Sender/Receiver interfaces to create a communication protocol

Sample projects:

• C++ sample
• C# sample
• Go sample
• Java sample
• JavaScript sample
• Kotlin sample
• Python sample
• Ruby sample
• Swift sample

• Features
• Requirements
• How to build?
• Create domain model
• Generate domain model
• Build domain model
• FBE serialization
• FBE final serialization
• JSON serialization
• Packages and import
• Struct keys
• Struct numeration
• Struct inheritance
• Versioning
• Sender/Receiver protocol
• Performance benchmarks
  • Benchmark 1: Serialization
  • Benchmark 2: Deserialization
  • Benchmark 3: Verify

• Cross platform (Linux, MacOS, Windows)
• Generators for C++, C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Python, Ruby, Swift
• Fast binary encoding format
• Supported base types (byte, bool, char, wchar, int8, int16, int32, int64, float, double)
• Supported complex types (bytes, decimal, string, timestamp, uuid)
• Supported collections (array, vector, list, map, hash)
• Supported nullable optional types, enums, flags and structs
• Serialization/Deserialization to/from binary format
• Serialization/Deserialization to/from JSON
• Sender/Receiver interfaces for communication protocols
• Versioning solution
• Excellent performance

• Linux
• MacOS
• Windows
• cmake
• gcc
• git
• gil
• python3

Optional:

• clang
• CLion
• Cygwin
• MSYS2
• MinGW
• Visual Studio
• WinFlexBison

sudo apt-get install -y binutils-dev uuid-dev flex bison

brew install flex bison

choco install winflexbison3

pip3 install gil

git clone https://github.com/chronoxor/FastBinaryEncoding.git
cd FastBinaryEncoding
gil update

cd build
./unix.sh

cd build
./unix.sh

cd build
unix.bat

cd build
unix.bat

cd build
mingw.bat

cd build
vs.bat

To use Fast Binary Encoding you should provide a domain model (aka business objects). A domain model is a set of enums, flags and structures that relate to each other and might be aggregated in some hierarchy.

Fast Binary Encoding (FBE) format specification

There is a sample domain model which describes Account-Balance-Orders relation of some abstract trading platform:

// Package declaration
package proto

// Domain declaration
domain com.chronoxor

// Order side declaration
enum OrderSide : byte
{
    buy;
    sell;
}

// Order type declaration
enum OrderType : byte
{
    market;
    limit;
    stop;
}

// Order declaration
struct Order
{
    [key] int32 uid;
    string symbol;
    OrderSide side;
    OrderType type;
    double price = 0.0;
    double volume = 0.0;
}

// Account balance declaration
struct Balance
{
    [key] string currency;
    double amount = 0.0;
}

// Account state declaration
flags State : byte
{
    unknown = 0x00;
    invalid = 0x01;
    initialized = 0x02;
    calculated = 0x04;
    broken = 0x08;
    good = initialized | calculated;
    bad = unknown | invalid | broken;
}

// Account declaration
struct Account
{
    [key] int32 uid;
    string name;
    State state = State.initialized | State.bad;
    Balance wallet;
    Balance? asset;
    Order[] orders;
}

The next step is a domain model compilation using 'fbec' compiler which will create a generated code for required programming language.

The following command will create a C++ generated code:

fbec --c++ --input=proto.fbe --output=.

All possible options for the 'fbec' compiler are the following:

Usage: fbec [options]

Options:
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -h HELP, --help=HELP  Show help
  -i INPUT, --input=INPUT
                        Input path
  -o OUTPUT, --output=OUTPUT
                        Output path
  -q, --quiet           Launch in quiet mode. No progress will be shown!
  -n INDENT, --indent=INDENT
                        Format indent. Default: 0
  -t, --tabs            Format with tabs. Default: off
  --cpp                 Generate C++ code
  --cpp-logging         Generate C++ logging code
  --csharp              Generate C# code
  --go                  Generate Go code
  --java                Generate Java code
  --javascript          Generate JavaScript code
  --kotlin              Generate Kotlin code
  --python              Generate Python code
  --ruby                Generate Ruby code
  --swift               Generate Swift code
  --final               Generate Final serialization code
  --json                Generate JSON serialization code
  --proto               Generate Sender/Receiver protocol code

Generated domain model is represented with source code for the particular language. Just add it to your project and build it. There are several issues and dependencies that should be mentioned:

• C++ standard is limited to C++17 in order to have the implementation of std::optional;
• C++ has no native support for decimal type. Currently decimal type is emulated with a double type. FBE does not use GMPLib because of heavy dependency in generated source code;
• C++ formatting is supported with {fmt} library of version started from 9.0.0. Required include headers are <fmt/format.h> and <fmt/ostream.h>;
• JSON serialization is implemented using RapidJSON library;

• JSON serialization is implemented using Json.NET library. Therefore it should be imported using NuGet;
• Fast JSON serialization libraty is also available - Utf8Json . If you want to try it, you should import is with NuGet and build domain model with 'UTF8JSON' definition;

• Assert testing is based on stretchr/testify package (go get github.com/stretchr/testify);
• JSON serialization is based on jsoniter package (go get github.com/json-iterator/go);
• Decimal type is based on shopspring/decimal package (go get github.com/shopspring/decimal);
• UUID type is based on google/uuid package (go get github.com/google/uuid);

• JSON serialization is implemented using Gson package. Therefore it should be imported using Maven;

• JavaScript domain model is implemented using ECMAScript 6 (classes, etc.);
• JSON serialization of set, map and hash types is limited to key with string type;

• Starting from the version 1.3 Kotlin supports unsigned integer numbers (UByte, UShort, UInt, ULong). This gives ability to represent FBE domain model more accurately than Java language does;
• JSON serialization is implemented using Gson package. Therefore it should be imported using Maven;

• Python 3.7 is required because of time.time_ns();

• Some Ruby dependencies should be installed from Gems:

gem install json
gem install uuidtools

• Swift domain model is implemented using uses SwiftPM as its build tool;
• JSON serialization is implemented using Codable protocol;
• JSON serialization of set, map and hash types is limited to key with string type.

Fast Binary Encoding (FBE) is a fast and compact binary format of representing single domain models in different programming languages and platforms. Also FBE format solves protocol versioning problem.

Follow the steps below in order to serialize any domain object:

1. Create a new domain object and fill its fields and collections (proto::Account account);
2. Create a domain model with a write buffer (FBE::proto::AccountModelFBE::WriteBuffer writer)
3. Serialize the domain object into the domain model buffer (writer.serialize(account))
4. (Optional) Verify the domain object in the domain model buffer (assert(writer.verify()))
5. Access the domain model buffer to store or send data (writer.buffer())

Follow the steps below in order to deserialize any domain object:

1. Create a domain model with a read buffer (FBE::proto::AccountModelFBE::ReadBuffer reader)
2. Attach a source buffer to the domain model (reader.attach(writer.buffer()))
3. (Optional) Verify the domain object in the domain model buffer (assert(reader.verify()))
4. Deserialize the domain object from the domain model buffer (reader.deserialize(account))

Here is an exmple of FBE serialization in C++ language:

#include "../proto/proto_models.h"

#include <iostream>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // Create a new account with some orders
    proto::Account account = { 1, "Test", proto::State::good, { "USD", 1000.0 }, std::make_optional<proto::Balance>({ "EUR", 100.0 }), {} };
    account.orders.emplace_back(1, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(2, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::sell, proto::OrderType::limit, 1.0, 100.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(3, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::stop, 1.5, 10.0);

    // Serialize the account to the FBE stream
    FBE::proto::AccountModel<FBE::WriteBuffer> writer;
    writer.serialize(account);
    assert(writer.verify());

    // Show the serialized FBE size
    std::cout << "FBE size: " << writer.buffer().size() << std::endl;

    // Deserialize the account from the FBE stream
    FBE::proto::AccountModel<FBE::ReadBuffer> reader;
    reader.attach(writer.buffer());
    assert(reader.verify());
    reader.deserialize(account);

    // Show account content
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << account;

    return 0;
}

Output is the following:

FBE size: 252

Account(
  uid=1,
  name="Test",
  state=initialized|calculated|good,
  wallet=Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000),
  asset=Balance(currency="EUR",amount=100),
  orders=[3][
    Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000),
    Order(uid=2,symbol="EURUSD",side=sell,type=limit,price=1,volume=100),
    Order(uid=3,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=stop,price=1.5,volume=10)
  ]
)

It is possible to achieve more serialization speed if your protocol is mature enough so you can fix its final version and disable versioning which requires extra size and time to process.

Final domain model can be compiled with --final flag. As the result additional final models will be available for serialization.

Follow the steps below in order to serialize any domain object in final format:

1. Create a new domain object and fill its fields and collections (proto::Account account);
2. Create a domain final model with a write buffer (FBE::proto::AccountFinalModelFBE::WriteBuffer writer)
3. Serialize the domain object into the domain model buffer (writer.serialize(account))
4. (Optional) Verify the domain object in the domain model buffer (assert(writer.verify()))
5. Access the domain model buffer to store or send data (writer.buffer())

Follow the steps below in order to deserialize any domain object:

1. Create a domain final model with a read buffer (FBE::proto::AccountFinalModelFBE::ReadBuffer reader)
2. Attach a source buffer to the domain final model (reader.attach(writer.buffer()))
3. (Optional) Verify the domain object in the domain model buffer (assert(reader.verify()))
4. Deserialize the domain object from the domain model buffer (reader.deserialize(account))

Here is an exmple of FBE final serialization in C++ language:

#include "../proto/proto_models.h"

#include <iostream>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // Create a new account with some orders
    proto::Account account = { 1, "Test", proto::State::good, { "USD", 1000.0 }, std::make_optional<proto::Balance>({ "EUR", 100.0 }), {} };
    account.orders.emplace_back(1, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(2, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::sell, proto::OrderType::limit, 1.0, 100.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(3, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::stop, 1.5, 10.0);

    // Serialize the account to the FBE stream
    FBE::proto::AccountFinalModel<FBE::WriteBuffer> writer;
    writer.serialize(account);
    assert(writer.verify());

    // Show the serialized FBE size
    std::cout << "FBE final size: " << writer.buffer().size() << std::endl;

    // Deserialize the account from the FBE stream
    FBE::proto::AccountFinalModel<FBE::ReadBuffer> reader;
    reader.attach(writer.buffer());
    assert(reader.verify());
    reader.deserialize(account);

    // Show account content
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << account;

    return 0;
}

Output is the following:

FBE final size: 152

Account(
  uid=1,
  name="Test",
  state=initialized|calculated|good,
  wallet=Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000),
  asset=Balance(currency="EUR",amount=100),
  orders=[3][
    Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000),
    Order(uid=2,symbol="EURUSD",side=sell,type=limit,price=1,volume=100),
    Order(uid=3,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=stop,price=1.5,volume=10)
  ]
)

If the domain model compiled with --json flag, then JSON serialization code will be generated in all domain objects. As the result each domain object can be serialized/deserialized into/from JSON format.

Please note that some programming languages have native JSON support (JavaScript, Python). Other languages requires third-party library to get work with JSON:

• C++ requires RapidJSON library
• C# requires Json.NET package or more faster Utf8Json package
• Go requires jsoniter package
• Java and Kotlin requires Gson package
• Ruby requires json gem

Here is an exmple of JSON serialization in C++ language:

#include "../proto/proto.h"

#include <iostream>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // Create a new account with some orders
    proto::Account account = { 1, "Test", proto::State::good, { "USD", 1000.0 }, std::make_optional<proto::Balance>({ "EUR", 100.0 }), {} };
    account.orders.emplace_back(1, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(2, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::sell, proto::OrderType::limit, 1.0, 100.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(3, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::stop, 1.5, 10.0);

    // Serialize the account to the JSON stream
    rapidjson::StringBuffer buffer;
    rapidjson::Writer<rapidjson::StringBuffer> writer(buffer);
    FBE::JSON::to_json(writer, account);

    // Show the serialized JSON and its size
    std::cout << "JSON: " << buffer.GetString() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "JSON size: " << buffer.GetSize() << std::endl;

    // Parse the JSON document
    rapidjson::Document json;
    json.Parse(buffer.GetString());

    // Deserialize the account from the JSON stream
    FBE::JSON::from_json(json, account);

    // Show account content
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << account;

    return 0;
}

Output is the following:

JSON: {
  "uid":1,
  "name":
  "Test",
  "state":6,
  "wallet":{"currency":"USD","amount":1000.0},
  "asset":{"currency":"EUR","amount":100.0},
  "orders":[
    {"uid":1,"symbol":"EURUSD","side":0,"type":0,"price":1.23456,"volume":1000.0},
    {"uid":2,"symbol":"EURUSD","side":1,"type":1,"price":1.0,"volume":100.0},
    {"uid":3,"symbol":"EURUSD","side":0,"type":2,"price":1.5,"volume":10.0}
  ]
}
JSON size: 353

Account(
  uid=1,
  name="Test",
  state=initialized|calculated|good,
  wallet=Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000),
  asset=Balance(currency="EUR",amount=100),
  orders=[3][
    Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000),
    Order(uid=2,symbol="EURUSD",side=sell,type=limit,price=1,volume=100),
    Order(uid=3,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=stop,price=1.5,volume=10)
  ]
)

Packages are declared with package name and structs offset (optional). Offset will be add to incremented structure type if is was not provided explicit.

Here is an example of the simple package declaration:

// Package declaration. Offset is 0.
package proto

// Struct type number is 1 (proto offset 0 + 1)
struct Struct1
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 2 (proto offset 0 + 2)
struct Struct2
{
    ...
}

One package can be imported into another and all enums, flags and structs can be reused in the current package. Package offset is used here to avoid structs types intersection:

// Package declaration. Offset is 10.
package protoex offset 10

// Package import
import proto

// Struct type number is 11 (protoex offset 10 + 1)
struct Struct11
{
    // Struct1 is reused form the imported package
    proto.Struct1 s1;
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 12 (protoex offset 10 + 2)
struct Struct12
{
    ...
}

Multiple package import is possible as well:

// Package declaration. Offset is 100.
package test offset 100

// Package import
import proto
import protoex

...

Package import is implemented using:

• #include "..." directive in C++
• Namespaces in C#
• Packages in Go
• Packages in Java and Kotlin
• Modules in JavaScript
• Modules in Python
• Ruby require statement

Some of struct fileds (one or many) can be marked with '[key]' attribute. As the result corresponding compare operators will be generated which allow to compare two instances of the struct (equality, ordering, hashing) by marked fields. This ability allows to use the struct as a key in associative map and hash containers.

Example below demonstrates the usage of '[key]' attribute:

struct MyKeyStruct
{
    [key] int32 uid;
    [key] stirng login;
    string name;
    string address;
}

After code generation for C++ language the following comparable class will be generated:

struct MyKeyStruct
{
    int32_t uid;
    ::sample::stirng login;
    std::string name;
    std::string address;

    ...

    bool operator==(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept
    {
        return (
            (uid == other.uid)
            && (login == other.login)
            );
    }
    bool operator!=(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept { return !operator==(other); }
    bool operator<(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept
    {
        if (uid < other.uid)
            return true;
        if (other.uid < uid)
            return false;
        if (login < other.login)
            return true;
        if (other.login < login)
            return false;
        return false;
    }
    bool operator<=(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept { return operator<(other) || operator==(other); }
    bool operator>(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept { return !operator<=(other); }
    bool operator>=(const MyKeyStruct& other) const noexcept { return !operator<(other); }

    ...
};

Struct type numbers are automatically increased until you provide it manually. There are two possibilities:

1. Shift the current struct type number using '(+X)' suffix. As the result all new structs will have incremented type.
2. Force set struct type number using '(X)' of '(base)' suffix. It will affect only one struct.

Example below demonstrates the idea:

// Package declaration. Offset is 0.
package proto

// Struct type number is 1 (implicit declared)
struct Struct1
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 2 (implicit declared)
struct Struct2
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 10 (explicit declared, shifted to 10)
struct Struct10(+10)
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 11 (implicit declared)
struct Struct11
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 100 (explicit declared, forced to 100)
struct Struct100(100)
{
    ...
}

// Struct type number is 12 (implicit declared)
struct Struct12
{
    ...
}

Structs can be inherited from another struct. In this case all fields from the base struct will be present in a child one.

package proto

// Struct type number is 1
struct StructBase
{
    bool f1;
    int8 f2;
}

// Struct type number is 2
struct StructChild : StructBase
{
    // bool f1 - will be inherited from StructBase
    // int8 f2 - will be inherited from StructBase
    int16 f3;
    int32 f4;
}

Also it is possible to reuse the base struct type number in a child one using '= base' operator. It is useful when you extend the struct from third-party imported package:

// Package declaration. Offset is 10.
package protoex offset 10

// Package import
import proto

// Struct type number is 1
struct StructChild(base) : proto.StructBase
{
    // bool f1 - will be inherited from proto.StructBase
    // int8 f2 - will be inherited from proto.StructBase
    int16 f3;
    int32 f4;
}

Versioning is simple with Fast Binary Encoding.

Assume you have an original protocol:

package proto

enum MyEnum
{
    value1;
    value2;
}

flags MyFlags
{
    none = 0x00;
    flag1 = 0x01;
    flag2 = 0x02;
    flag3 = 0x04;
}

struct MyStruct
{
    bool field1;
    byte field2;
    char field3;
}

You need to extend it with new enum, flag and struct values. Just add required values to the end of the corresponding declarations:

package proto

enum MyEnum
{
    value1;
    value2;
    value3; // New value
    value4; // New value
}

flags MyFlags
{
    none = 0x00;
    flag1 = 0x01;
    flag2 = 0x02;
    flag3 = 0x04;
    flag4 = 0x08; // New value
    flag5 = 0x10; // New value
}

struct MyStruct
{
    bool field1;
    byte field2;
    char field3;
    int32 field4;          // New field (default value is 0)
    int64 field5 = 123456; // New field (default value is 123456)
}

Now you can serialize and deserialize structs in different combinations:

• Serialize old, deserialize old - nothing will be lost (best case);
• Serialize old, deserialize new - all old fields will be deserialized, all new fields will be initialized with 0 or default values according to definition;
• Serialize new, deserialize old - all old fields will be deserialized, all new fields will be discarded;
• Serialize new, deserialize new - nothing will be lost (best case);

If you are not able to modify some third-party protocol, you can still have a solution of extending it. Just create a new protocol and import third-party one into it. Then extend structs with inheritance:

package protoex

import proto

struct MyStructEx(base) : proto.MyStruct
{
    int32 field4;          // New field (default value is 0)
    int64 field5 = 123456; // New field (default value is 123456)
}

If the domain model compiled with --sender flag, then Sender/Receiver protocol code will be generated.

Sender interface contains 'send(struct)' methods for all domain model structs. Also it has abstract 'onSend(data, size)' method which should be implemented to send serialized data to a socket, pipe, etc.

Receiver interface contains 'onReceive(struct)' handlers for all domain model structs. Also it has public 'onReceive(type, data, size)' method which should be used to feed the Receiver with received data from a socket, pipe, etc.

Here is an exmple of using Sender/Receiver communication protocol in C++ language:

#include "../proto/proto_protocol.h"

#include <iostream>

class MySender : public FBE::proto::Sender<FBE::WriteBuffer>
{
protected:
    size_t onSend(const void* data, size_t size) override
    {
        // Send nothing...
        return 0;
    }

    void onSendLog(const std::string& message) const override
    {
        std::cout << "onSend: " << message << std::endl;
    }
};

class MyReceiver : public FBE::proto::Receiver<FBE::WriteBuffer>
{
protected:
    void onReceive(const proto::Order& value) override {}
    void onReceive(const proto::Balance& value) override {}
    void onReceive(const proto::Account& value) override {}

    void onReceiveLog(const std::string& message) const override
    {
        std::cout << "onReceive: " << message << std::endl;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    MySender sender;

    // Enable logging
    sender.logging(true);

    // Create and send a new order
    proto::Order order = { 1, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0 };
    sender.send(order);

    // Create and send a new balance wallet
    proto::Balance balance = { "USD", 1000.0 };
    sender.send(balance);

    // Create and send a new account with some orders
    proto::Account account = { 1, "Test", proto::State::good, { "USD", 1000.0 }, std::make_optional<proto::Balance>({ "EUR", 100.0 }), {} };
    account.orders.emplace_back(1, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(2, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::sell, proto::OrderType::limit, 1.0, 100.0);
    account.orders.emplace_back(3, "EURUSD", proto::OrderSide::buy, proto::OrderType::stop, 1.5, 10.0);
    sender.send(account);

    MyReceiver receiver;

    // Enable logging
    receiver.logging(true);

    // Receive all data from the sender
    receiver.receive(sender.buffer().data(), sender.buffer().size());

    return 0;
}

Output is the following:

onSend: Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000)
onSend: Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000)
onSend: Account(uid=1,name="Test",state=initialized|calculated|good,wallet=Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000),asset=Balance(currency="EUR",amount=100),orders=[3][Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000),Order(uid=2,symbol="EURUSD",side=sell,type=limit,price=1,volume=100),Order(uid=3,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=stop,price=1.5,volume=10)])
onReceive: Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000)
onReceive: Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000)
onReceive: Account(uid=1,name="Test",state=initialized|calculated|good,wallet=Balance(currency="USD",amount=1000),asset=Balance(currency="EUR",amount=100),orders=[3][Order(uid=1,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=market,price=1.23456,volume=1000),Order(uid=2,symbol="EURUSD",side=sell,type=limit,price=1,volume=100),Order(uid=3,symbol="EURUSD",side=buy,type=stop,price=1.5,volume=10)])

All benchmarks use the same domain model to create a single account with three orders:

Account account = { 1, "Test", State::good, { "USD", 1000.0 }, std::make_optional<Balance>({ "EUR", 100.0 }), {} };
account.orders.emplace_back(1, "EURUSD", OrderSide::buy, OrderType::market, 1.23456, 1000.0);
account.orders.emplace_back(2, "EURUSD", OrderSide::sell, OrderType::limit, 1.0, 100.0);
account.orders.emplace_back(3, "EURUSD", OrderSide::buy, OrderType::stop, 1.5, 10.0);

• C++ benchmarks results were taken using CppBenchmark library
• C# benchmarks results were taken using BenchmarkDotNet library
• Go benchmarks results were taken using testing package
• Java benchmarks results were taken using JMH library
• JavaScript benchmarks results were taken using Benchmark.js library
• Kotlin benchmarks results were taken using JMH library
• Python benchmarks results were taken using timeit module
• Ruby benchmarks results were taken using Benchmark module
• Swift benchmarks results were taken using XCTest framework

Serialization benchmark C++ code:

BENCHMARK_FIXTURE(SerializationFixture, "Serialize")
{
    // Reset FBE stream
    writer.reset();

    // Serialize the account to the FBE stream
    writer.serialize(account);
}

Serialization benchmark results:

Deserialization benchmark C++ code:

BENCHMARK_FIXTURE(DeserializationFixture, "Deserialize")
{
    // Deserialize the account from the FBE stream
    reader.deserialize(deserialized);
}

Deserialization benchmark results:

Verify benchmark C++ code:

BENCHMARK_FIXTURE(VerifyFixture, "Verify")
{
    // Verify the account
    model.verify();
}

Verify benchmark results: