Optlam.js
An optimal function evaluator written in JavaScript.
Note: this is deprecated, see a much cleaner version here.
About
Optlam.js is a simple, optimal (in Levy's sense) 位-calculus evaluator using interaction nets. It is, currently, as far as I know, the fastest implementation of functions in the world. It uses Lamping's Abstract Algorithm - that is, the so called (and problematic) "oracle" is avoided altogether. As such, it is only capable of computing 位-terms that are typeable on Elementary Affine Logic. This includes most functions that you'd use in practice, but isn't powerful enough to process, for example, an unhalting turing machine. Notice being optimal doesn't mean it is efficient - it is implemented in JavaScript, after all. Nether less, it is still asymptotically faster than most evaluators, being able to quickly normalize functions that even Haskell would take years. Improved implementations would be great, and there is a lot of potential to explore parallel (GPU/ASIC?) processing. The API is very simple, consisting of one function, reduce, which receives a bruijn-indexed, JSON-encoded 位 calculus term and returns its normal form. See this image for an overall idea of how the magic works.
Example
What is the result of:
(function (a){ return function(b){ return a; } })(1)(2);
Using node.js, you can find it is 1. Now, what is the result of:
expMod = (function (v0) { return (function (v1) { return (function (v2) { return (((((((function(n){return(function(f){return(function(a){ for (var i=0;i<n;++i)a=f(a);return(a)})})})(v2))((function (v3) { return (function (v4) { return (v3((function (v5) { return ((v4((function (v6) { return (function (v7) { return (v6(((v5(v6))(v7)))) }) })))(v5)) }))) }) })))((function (v3) { return (v3((function (v4) { return (function (v5) { return v5 }) }))) })))((function (v3) { return (((((function(n){return(function(f){return(function(a){ for (var i=0;i<n;++i)a=f(a);return(a)})})})(v1))(((function(n){return(function(f){return(function(a){ for (var i=0;i<n;++i)a=f(a);return(a)})})})(v0))))((((((function(n){return(function(f){return(function(a){ for (var i=0;i<n;++i)a=f(a);return(a)})})})(v2))((function (v4) { return (function (v5) { return (function (v6) { return (v4((function (v7) { return ((v5(v7))(v6)) }))) }) }) })))((function (v4) { return v4 })))((function (v4) { return (function (v5) { return (v5(v4)) }) })))))((((((function(n){return(function(f){return(function(a){ for (var i=0;i<n;++i)a=f(a);return(a)})})})(v2))((function (v4) { return (function (v5) { return v4 }) })))((function (v4) { return v4 })))((function (v4) { return v4 }))))) })))((function (v3) { return (v3+1) })))(0)) }) }) })
console.log(expMod(10)(10)(2));
That JavaScript program uses church-encoded natural numbers to compute 10^10%2 - that is, the exponential modulus. The result should be 0, but node.js takes too long to compute it because it doesn't implement functions optimally. Thus, if you really need that answer, you can encode your function on the lambda-calculus and use optlam.js to find it for you:
-- expMod on the lambda calculus
expMod = (位abc.(c(位de.(d(位f.(e(位gh.(g(fgh)))f))))(位d.(d(位ef.f)))(位d.(ba(c(位efg.(e(位h.(fhg))))(位e.e)(位ef.(fe)))(c(位ef.e)(位e.e)(位e.e))))))
-- The computation we want
main = expMod 10 10 2
This correctly outputs 0.
How do I use it?
The API right now is actually non-existent, but check the test.js file for the expMod example. You can run it with node.js:
node test.js
Outputs:
25
{ iterations: 2579187,
applications: 1289514,
used_memory: 5938470 }
Which is 100 ^ 100 % 31. In a few days I might update this with a proper parser/pretty-printer and command line tool.
Why don't other languages implement functions optimally?
As important as functions are for programming in general, no common language implements them optimally. A wide range of algorithms is used, but all are asymptotically suboptimal. Not even the so-called "functional", pure, lazy languages (i.e., Haskell) do it. The reason is most real-world programming rarely needs it. The difference can only be noticed in functions much more complex than what you'd write normally, and we already have very efficient algorithms for those simpler functions.
How does it work?
It uses Lamping's "Abstract Algorithm", as explained on the The Optimal Implementation of Functional Programming Languages book, by Andrea Asperti and Stefano Guerrini. It does not implement the so-called (and problematic) "Oracle" - that is, no croissants nor brackets are used - so it actually only works on a subset of 位-terms that are elementary-affine-logic typeable. In practice, I couldn't find any interesting 位-term that wasn't EAL-typeable, so I chose to avoid the oracle altogether. Also, instead of applying rules nondeterministically in parallel, a cursor runs through the graph sequentially, avoiding unreachable branches. I'm not sure this was proposed on literature.
What is this actually useful for?
Not much, right now. It is optimal, but not terribly efficient (it is written in JavaScript, after all). I don't know if there is something practical Optlam, as is, could do that couldn't be done faster with alternative known algorithms. But it is something new that enables some things that weren't possible before, and has a lot of potential that deserves be explored. For example, the algorithm can be effortlessly distributed through hundreds of processing cores, but JavaScript can't even spawn threads.