Binding.scala is a data-binding library for Scala, running on both JVM and Scala.js.

Binding.scala can be used as the basis of UI frameworks, however latest Binding.scala 12.x does not contain any build-in UI frameworks any more. For creating reactive HTML UI, you may want to check out html.scala, which is an UI framework based on Binding.scala, and it is also the successor of previously built-in dom library. See also React / Binding.scala / html.scala Interoperability for using existing React components with Binding.scala,

See Binding.scala • TodoMVC or ScalaFiddle DEMOs as examples for common tasks when working with Binding.scala.

Binding.scala and html.scala has more features and less concepts than other reactive web frameworks like ReactJS.

See Design section for more information.

We will build an Binding.scala web page during the following steps.

See http://www.scala-js.org/tutorial/basic/ for information about how to setup such a project.

// Enable macro annotations by setting scalac flags for Scala 2.13
scalacOptions ++= {
  import Ordering.Implicits._
  if (VersionNumber(scalaVersion.value).numbers >= Seq(3L)) {
    Nil
  } if (VersionNumber(scalaVersion.value).numbers >= Seq(2L, 13L)) {
    Seq("-Ymacro-annotations")
  } else {
    Nil
  }
}

// Enable macro annotations by adding compiler plugins for Scala 2.12
libraryDependencies ++= {
  import Ordering.Implicits._
  if (VersionNumber(scalaVersion.value).numbers >= Seq(2L, 13L)) {
    Nil
  } else {
    Seq(compilerPlugin("org.scalamacros" % "paradise" % "2.1.1" cross CrossVersion.full))
  }
}

libraryDependencies += "com.yang-bo" %%% "html" % "latest.release"

case class Contact(name: Var[String], email: Var[String])

val data = Vars.empty[Contact]

A Var represents a bindable variable, which also implements Binding trait, hence a Var can be seen as a binding expression as well. If another expression depends on a Var, the value of the expression changes whenever value of the Var changes.

A Vars represents a sequence of bindable variables, which also implements BindingSeq trait, hence a Vars can be seen as a binding expression of a sequence as well. If another comprehension expression depends on a Vars, the value of the expression changes whenever value of the Vars changes.

// For Scala 3
def table: Binding[HTMLTableElement] = {
  html"""<table border="1" cellPadding="5">
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th>Name</th>
        <th>E-mail</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      ${
        for (contact <- data) yield {
          html"""<tr>
            <td>
              ${contact.name.bind}
            </td>
            <td>
              ${contact.email.bind}
            </td>
          </tr>"""
        }
      }
    </tbody>
  </table>"""
}

// For Scala 2
@html
def table: Binding[HTMLTableElement] = {
  <table border="1" cellPadding="5">
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th>Name</th>
        <th>E-mail</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      {
        for (contact <- data) yield {
          <tr>
            <td>
              {contact.name.bind}
            </td>
            <td>
              {contact.email.bind}
            </td>
          </tr>
        }
      }
    </tbody>
  </table>
}

html"""...""" interpolation in Scala 3 (or @html annotated methods in Scala 3) represents an reactive XHTML template, which supports HTML literal. The type of HTML interpolation/literal is a specific subtype of com.thoughtworks.binding.Binding[org.scalajs.dom.Node] or com.thoughtworks.binding.Binding.BindingSeq[org.scalajs.dom.Node], instead of scala.xml.Node or scala.xml.NodeSeq. So we could have def node: Binding[HTMLBRElement] = html"""<br/>""" and def node: BindingSeq[HTMLBRElement] = html"""<br/><br/>""".

A HTML interpolation/literal method is composed with other data-binding expressions in two ways:

1. You could use bind method in an interpolation to get the value of another Binding.
2. You could use for / yield expression in a @html method to map a BindingSeq to another.

You can nest Node or BindingSeq[Node] in other HTML element literals via { ... } interpolation syntax.

@JSExport
def main(): Unit = {
  html.render(document.body, table)
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="js-fastopt.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <script type="text/javascript">
      SampleMain().main()
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Now you will see a table that just contains a header, because data is empty at the moment.

def table: BindingSeq[Node] = {
  html"""<div>
    <button
      onclick=${ event: Event =>
        data.value += Contact(Var("Yang Bo"), Var("[email protected]"))
      }
    >
      Add a contact
    </button>
  </div>
  <table border="1" cellPadding="5">
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th>Name</th>
        <th>E-mail</th>
        <th>Operation</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      ${
        for (contact <- data) yield {
          <tr>
            <td>
              ${contact.name.bind}
            </td>
            <td>
              ${contact.email.bind}
            </td>
            <td>
              <button
                onclick=${ event: Event =>
                  contact.name.value = "Modified Name"
                }
              >
                Modify the name
              </button>
            </td>
          </tr>
        }
      }
    </tbody>
  </table>"""
}

When you click the "Add a contact" button, it appends a new Contact into data, then, Binding.scala knows the relationship between DOM and data, so it decides to append a new <tr> corresponding to the newly appended Contact.

And when you click the "Modify the name", the name field on contact changes, then, Binding.scala decides to change the content of the corresponding tr to new value of name field.

ReactJS requires users to provide a render function for each component. The render function should map props and state to a ReactJS's virtual DOM, then ReactJS framework creates a DOM with the same structure as the virtual DOM.

When state changes, ReactJS framework invokes render function to get a new virtual DOM. Unfortunately, ReactJS framework does not precisely know what the state changing is. ReactJS framework has to compare the new virtual DOM and the original virtual DOM, and guess the changeset between the two virtual DOM, then apply the guessed changeset to the real DOM as well.

For example, after you prepend a table row <tr> into an existing <tbody> in a <table>, ReactJS may think you also changed the content of every existing <tr> of the <tbody>.

The reason for this is that the render function for ReactJS does not describe the relationship between state and DOM. Instead, it describes the process to create a virtual DOM. As a result, the render function does not provide any information about the purpose of the state changing, although a data-binding framework should need the information.

Unlike ReactJS, a Binding.scala @html method is NOT a regular function. It is a template that describes the relationship between data source and the DOM. When part of the data source changes, Binding.scala knows about the exact corresponding partial DOM affected by the change, thus only re-evaluating that part of the @html method to reflect the change in the DOM.

With the help of the ability of precise data-binding provided by Binding.scala, you can get rid of concepts for hinting ReactJS's guessing algorithm, like key attribute, shouldComponentUpdate method, componentDidUpdate method or componentWillUpdate method.

The smallest composable unit in ReactJS is a component. It is fair to say that a React component is lighter than an AngularJS controller, while Binding.scala is better than that.

The smallest composable unit in Binding.scala is a @html method. Every @html method is able to compose other @html methods via .bind.

case class Contact(name: Var[String], email: Var[String])

def bindingButton(contact: Contact) = {
  html"""<button
    onclick=${ event: Event =>
      contact.name.value = "Modified Name"
    }
  >
   Modify the name
  </button>"""
}

def bindingTr(contact: Contact) = {
  html"""<tr>
    <td>${ contact.name.bind }</td>
    <td>${ contact.email.bind }</td>
    <td>${ bindingButton(contact).bind }</td>
  </tr>"""
}

def bindingTable(contacts: BindingSeq[Contact]) = {
  html"""<table>
    <tbody>
      ${
        for (contact <- contacts) yield {
          bindingTr(contact)
        }
      }
    </tbody>
  </table>"""
}

@JSExport
def main(): Unit = {
  val data = Vars(Contact(Var("Yang Bo"), Var("[email protected]")))
  dom.render(document.body, bindingTable(data))
}

You may find out this approach is much simpler than ReactJS, as:

• Instead of passing props in ReactJS, you just simply provide parameters for Binding.scala.
• Instead of specifying propTypes in ReactJS, you just simply define the types of parameters in Binding.scala.
• Instead of raising a run-time error when types of props do not match in ReactJS, you just check the types at compile-time.

The ability of precise data-binding in Binding.scala requires listener registrations on the data source. Other reactive frameworks that have the ability ask users manage the lifecycle of data-binding expressions.

For example, MetaRx provides a dispose method to unregister the listeners created when building data-binding expressions. The users of MetaRx have the responsibility to call dispose method for every map and flatMap call after the expression changes, otherwise MetaRx leaks memory. Unfortunately, manually disposeing everything is too hard to be right for complicated binding expressions.

Another reactive web framework Widok did not provide any mechanism to manage lifecycle of of data-binding expressions. As a result, it simply always leaks memory.

In Binding.scala, unlike MetaRx or Widok, all data-binding expressions are pure functional, with no side-effects. Binding.scala does not register any listeners when users create individual expressions, thus users do not need to manually unregister listeners for a single expression like MetaRx.

Instead, Binding.scala creates all internal listeners together, when the user calls dom.render or Binding.watch on the root expression. Note that dom.render or Binding.watch manages listeners on all upstream expressions, not only the direct listeners of the root expression.

In brief, Binding.scala separates functionality in two kinds:

• User-defined @html methods, which produce pure functional expressions with no side-effects.
• Calls to dom.render or Binding.watch, which manage all side-effects automatically.

As you see, you can embed HTML literals in @html methods in Scala source files. You can also embed Scala expressions in braces in content or attribute values of the HTML literal.

def notificationBox(message: String): Binding[Div] = {
  html"""<div class="notification" title=${ s"Tooltip: $message" }>
    {
      message
    }
  </div>"""
}

Despite the similar syntax of HTML literal between Binding.scala and ReactJS, Binding.scala creates real DOM instead of ReactJS's virtual DOM.

In the above example, <div>...</div> creates a DOM element with the type of org.scalajs.dom.html.Div. Then, the magic @html lets the method wrap the result as a Binding.

You can even assign the HTMLDivElement to a local variable and invoke native DOM methods on the variable:

def notificationBox(message: String): Binding[HTMLDivElement] = {
  val result: Binding.Stable[HTMLDivElement] = html"""<div class="notification" title=${ s"Tooltip: $message" }>
    ${
      message
    }
  </div>"""

  result.value.scrollIntoView()

  result
}

scrollIntoView method will be invoked when the HTMLDivElement is created. If you invoke another method not defined in HTMLDivElement, the Scala compiler will report a compile-time error instead of bringing the failure to run-time, because Scala is a statically typed language and the Scala compiler understands the type of Div.

You may also notice class and title. They are DOM properties or HTML attributes on Div. They are type-checked by Scala compiler as well.

For example, given the following typo method:

def typo = {
  val myDiv = html"""<div typoProperty="xx">content</div>"""
  myDiv.value.typoMethod()
  myDiv
}

The Scala compiler will report errors like this:

typo.scala:23: typoProperty is neither a valid property nor a valid attribute for <DIV>
        val myDiv = html"""<div typoProperty="xx">content</div>"""
                            ^
typo.scala:24: value typoMethod is not a member of org.scalajs.dom.HTMLDivElement
        myDiv.value.typoMethod()
                    ^

With the help of the static type system, @html methods can be much more robust than ReactJS components.

You can find a complete list of supported properties and methods on scaladoc of scalajs-dom or MDN

• TodoMVC: a project which offers the same Todo application implemented using MV* concepts in most of the popular JavaScript MV* frameworks of today.
• Granblue Raid Finder: a site for finding Granblue Fantasy raid tweets.
• Game of Life: Conway's Game of Life implemented with Binding.scala.
• playground-binding.scala : Various DEMOs with scala, scalajs and binding.scala
• CITE Application: A single-page browser application for exploring citable resources.
• hmt-reader: A package of application and data for reading Homer Multitext textual data, in its current release.
• Full-Stack-Scala-Starter: Play 2.5, ScalaJS, Binding.scala starter project.
• scala-adapters: A simple framework to implement your server jobs - providing a standard UI-client to monitor and test them. (Used in Production)
• Binding.scala-Google-Maps: A step-by-step tutorial to get you started with Binding.scala.
• scala-adapters.g8: A Giter8 template for a full-stack Scala project that uses scala-adapters.
• play-akka-telegrambot4s-incidents: An incident management app - where you can send incidents with a chat bot.
• scala-adapters-images: A demo project that uses scala-adapters and play-akka-telegrambot4s.
• jmh-view: An embeddable JMH report viewer, which is used to to create the report for the benchmarks of Scala parsers.
• RL-Playground: A web-based interactive reinforcement learning demonstration for games.
• Word Cloud Generator: A browser extension to generate word cloud visualizations of web pages, text files, or other arbitrary text inputs.

(Feel free to add your project here)

Binding.scala has an extremely tiny code base. The source files are split into few libraries, one file per library.

This module is available for both JVM and Scala.js. You could add it in your build.sbt.

// For JVM projects
libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.binding" %% "binding" % "latest.release"

// For Scala.js projects, or JS/JVM cross projects
libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.binding" %%% "binding" % "latest.release"

This is the new HTML templating library based on Name Based XML Literals, the module is only available for Scala.js, and the Scala version must between 2.12 and 2.13. You could add it in your build.sbt.

// Enable macro annotations by setting scalac flags for Scala 2.13
scalacOptions ++= {
  import Ordering.Implicits._
  if (VersionNumber(scalaVersion.value).numbers >= Seq(2L, 13L)) {
    Seq("-Ymacro-annotations")
  } else {
    Nil
  }
}

// Enable macro annotations by adding compiler plugins for Scala 2.12
libraryDependencies ++= {
  import Ordering.Implicits._
  if (VersionNumber(scalaVersion.value).numbers >= Seq(2L, 13L)) {
    Nil
  } else {
    Seq(compilerPlugin("org.scalamacros" % "paradise" % "2.1.1" cross CrossVersion.full))
  }
}

// For Scala.js projects (Scala 2.12 - 2.13)
libraryDependencies += "com.yang-bo" %%% "html" % "latest.release"

See html.scala for more information.

This module is available for both JVM and Scala.js. You could add it in your build.sbt.

// For JVM projects
libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.binding" %% "futurebinding" % "latest.release"

// For Scala.js projects, or JS/JVM cross projects
libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.binding" %%% "futurebinding" % "latest.release"

See FutureBinding for more information.

This module is only available for Scala.js. You could add it in your build.sbt.

// For Scala.js projects
libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.binding" %%% "jspromisebinding" % "latest.release"

See FutureBinding for more information.

Due to collection API changes, Binding.scala 12.x only works on Scala 2.13, targeting JVM, Scala.js 0.6 and Scala.js 1.x.

For Scala 2.10, 2.11 and 2.12 on JVM or Scala.js 0.6, use Binding.scala 11.x instead.

• html.scala - HTML templating library built with Binding.scala
• LatestEvent.scala - Event handling and URL routing for Binding.scala
• FutureBinding.scala - A wrapper that wraps a scala.concurrent.Future to a Binding.
• JSPromiseBinding.scala - A wrapper that wraps a JavaScript Promise to a Binding.
• ReactToBindingHtml.scala - React / Binding.scala / html.scala Interoperability
• scalajs-all-in-one-template - All-in-One Scala.js Static Web Project Template (including Binding.scala)
• Binding.scala • TodoMVC - An example todo app built with Binding.scala

• The API documentation
• ScalaFiddle DEMOs
• Binding.scala Questions on Stack Overflow
• 本README的中文版