SpinalHDL/VexRiscv

Index

• Index
• Description
• Area usage and maximal frequency
• Dependencies
• CPU generation
• Regression tests
• Interactive debug of the simulated CPU via GDB OpenOCD and Verilator
• Using Eclipse to run and debug the software
  • By using gnu-mcu-eclipse
  • By using Zylin plugin (old)
• Briey SoC
• Murax SoC
• Running Linux
• Build the RISC-V GCC
• CPU parametrization and instantiation example
• Add a custom instruction to the CPU via the plugin system
• Adding a new CSR via the plugin system
• CPU clock and resets
• VexRiscv Architecture
  • FPU
  • Plugins
    • IBusSimplePlugin
    • IBusCachedPlugin
    • DecoderSimplePlugin
    • RegFilePlugin
    • HazardSimplePlugin
    • SrcPlugin
    • IntAluPlugin
    • LightShifterPlugin
    • FullBarrelShifterPlugin
    • BranchPlugin
      • Prediction NONE
      • Prediction STATIC
      • Prediction DYNAMIC
      • Prediction DYNAMIC_TARGET
    • DBusSimplePlugin
    • DBusCachedPlugin
    • MulPlugin
    • DivPlugin
    • MulDivIterativePlugin
    • CsrPlugin
    • StaticMemoryTranslatorPlugin
    • MmuPlugin
    • PmpPlugin
    • DebugPlugin
    • EmbeddedRiscvJtag
    • YamlPlugin
    • FpuPlugin
    • AesPlugin

Description

This repository hosts a RISC-V implementation written in SpinalHDL. Here are some specs :

• RV32I[M][A][F[D]][C] instruction set
• Pipelined from 2 to 5+ stages ([Fetch*X], Decode, Execute, [Memory], [WriteBack])
• 1.44 DMIPS/Mhz --no-inline when nearly all features are enabled (1.57 DMIPS/Mhz when the divider lookup table is enabled)
• Optimized for FPGA, does not use any vendor specific IP block / primitive
• AXI4, Avalon, wishbone ready
• Optional MUL/DIV extensions
• Optional F32/F64 FPU (require data cache for now)
• Optional instruction and data caches
• Optional hardware refilled MMU
• Optional debug extension allowing Eclipse debugging via a GDB >> openOCD >> JTAG connection
• Optional interrupts and exception handling with Machine, [Supervisor] and [User] modes as defined in the RISC-V Privileged ISA Specification v1.10.
• Two implementations of shift instructions: single cycle (full barrel shifter) and shiftNumber cycles
• Each stage can have optional bypass or interlock hazard logic
• Linux compatible (SoC : https://github.com/enjoy-digital/linux-on-litex-vexriscv)
• Zephyr compatible
• FreeRTOS port

The hardware description of this CPU is done by using a very software oriented approach (without any overhead in the generated hardware). Here is a list of software concepts used:

• There are very few fixed things. Nearly everything is plugin based. The PC manager is a plugin, the register file is a plugin, the hazard controller is a plugin, ...
• There is an automatic a tool which allows plugins to insert data in the pipeline at a given stage, and allows other plugins to read it in another stage through automatic pipelining.
• There is a service system which provides a very dynamic framework. For instance, a plugin could provide an exception service which can then be used by other plugins to emit exceptions from the pipeline.

There is a gitter channel for all questions about VexRiscv :

For commercial support, please contact [email protected].

Area usage and maximal frequency

The following numbers were obtained by synthesizing the CPU as toplevel on the fastest speed grade without any specific synthesis options to save area or to get better maximal frequency (neutral).
The clock constraint is set to an unattainable value, which tends to increase the design area.
The dhrystone benchmark was compiled with the -O3 -fno-inline option.
All the cached configurations have some cache trashing during the dhrystone benchmark except the VexRiscv full max perf one. This, of course, reduces the performance. It is possible to produce dhrystone binaries which fit inside a 4KB I$ and 4KB D$ (I already had this case once) but currently it isn't the case.
The CPU configurations used below can be found in the src/scala/vexriscv/demo directory.

VexRiscv small (RV32I, 0.52 DMIPS/Mhz, no datapath bypass, no interrupt) ->
    Artix 7     -> 243 Mhz 504 LUT 505 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 174 Mhz 352 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 179 Mhz 731 LUT 494 FF 
    iCE40       -> 92 Mhz 1130 LC

VexRiscv small (RV32I, 0.52 DMIPS/Mhz, no datapath bypass) ->
    Artix 7     -> 240 Mhz 556 LUT 566 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 194 Mhz 394 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 174 Mhz 831 LUT 555 FF 
    iCE40       -> 85 Mhz 1292 LC

VexRiscv small and productive (RV32I, 0.82 DMIPS/Mhz)  ->
    Artix 7     -> 232 Mhz 816 LUT 534 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 155 Mhz 492 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 155 Mhz 1,111 LUT 530 FF 
    iCE40       -> 63 Mhz 1596 LC

VexRiscv small and productive with I$ (RV32I, 0.70 DMIPS/Mhz, 4KB-I$)  ->
    Artix 7     -> 220 Mhz 730 LUT 570 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 142 Mhz 501 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 150 Mhz 1,139 LUT 536 FF 
    iCE40       -> 66 Mhz 1680 LC

VexRiscv full no cache (RV32IM, 1.21 DMIPS/Mhz 2.30 Coremark/Mhz, single cycle barrel shifter, debug module, catch exceptions, static branch) ->
    Artix 7     -> 216 Mhz 1418 LUT 949 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 133 Mhz 933 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 143 Mhz 2,076 LUT 972 FF 

VexRiscv full (RV32IM, 1.21 DMIPS/Mhz 2.30 Coremark/Mhz with cache trashing, 4KB-I$,4KB-D$, single cycle barrel shifter, debug module, catch exceptions, static branch) ->
    Artix 7     -> 199 Mhz 1840 LUT 1158 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 141 Mhz 1,166 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 131 Mhz 2,407 LUT 1,067 FF 

VexRiscv full max perf (HZ*IPC) -> (RV32IM, 1.38 DMIPS/Mhz 2.57 Coremark/Mhz, 8KB-I$,8KB-D$, single cycle barrel shifter, debug module, catch exceptions, dynamic branch prediction in the fetch stage, branch and shift operations done in the Execute stage) ->
    Artix 7     -> 200 Mhz 1935 LUT 1216 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 130 Mhz 1,166 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 126 Mhz 2,484 LUT 1,120 FF 

VexRiscv full with MMU (RV32IM, 1.24 DMIPS/Mhz 2.35 Coremark/Mhz, with cache trashing, 4KB-I$, 4KB-D$, single cycle barrel shifter, debug module, catch exceptions, dynamic branch, MMU) ->
    Artix 7     -> 151 Mhz 2021 LUT 1541 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 124 Mhz 1,368 ALMs
    Cyclone IV -> 128 Mhz 2,826 LUT 1,474 FF 

VexRiscv linux balanced (RV32IMA, 1.21 DMIPS/Mhz 2.27 Coremark/Mhz, with cache trashing, 4KB-I$, 4KB-D$, single cycle barrel shifter, catch exceptions, static branch, MMU, Supervisor, Compatible with mainstream linux) ->
    Artix 7     -> 180 Mhz 2883 LUT 2130 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 131 Mhz 1,764 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 121 Mhz 3,608 LUT 2,082 FF 

The following configuration results in 1.44 DMIPS/MHz:

• 5 stage: F -> D -> E -> M -> WB
• single cycle ADD/SUB/Bitwise/Shift ALU
• branch/jump done in the E stage
• memory load values are bypassed in the WB stage (late result)
• 33 cycle division with bypassing in the M stage (late result)
• single cycle multiplication with bypassing in the WB stage (late result)
• dynamic branch prediction done in the F stage with a direct mapped target buffer cache (no penalties on correct predictions)

Note that, recently, the capability to remove the Fetch/Memory/WriteBack stage was added to reduce the area of the CPU, which ends up with a smaller CPU and a better DMIPS/Mhz for the small configurations.

Dependencies

On Ubuntu 14:

# JAVA JDK 8
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:openjdk-r/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openjdk-8-jdk -y
sudo update-alternatives --config java
sudo update-alternatives --config javac

# Install SBT - https://www.scala-sbt.org/
echo "deb https://repo.scala-sbt.org/scalasbt/debian all main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sbt.list
echo "deb https://repo.scala-sbt.org/scalasbt/debian /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sbt_old.list
curl -sL "https://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x2EE0EA64E40A89B84B2DF73499E82A75642AC823" | sudo apt-key add
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install sbt

# Verilator (for sim only, really needs 3.9+, in general apt-get will give you 3.8)
sudo apt-get install git make autoconf g++ flex bison
git clone http://git.veripool.org/git/verilator   # Only first time
unsetenv VERILATOR_ROOT  # For csh; ignore error if on bash
unset VERILATOR_ROOT  # For bash
cd verilator
git pull        # Make sure we're up-to-date
git checkout v4.216
autoconf        # Create ./configure script
./configure
make
sudo make install

CPU generation

You can find two example CPU instances in:

• src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/GenFull.scala
• src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/GenSmallest.scala

To generate the corresponding RTL as a VexRiscv.v file, run the following commands in the root directory of this repository:

sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.GenFull"

or

sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.GenSmallest"

NOTES:

• It could take time the first time you run it.
• The VexRiscv project may need an unreleased master-head of the SpinalHDL repo. If it fails to compile, just get the SpinalHDL repository and do a "sbt clean compile publishLocal" in it as described in the dependencies chapter.

Regression tests

To run tests (need java, scala, verilator), just do :

export VEXRISCV_REGRESSION_SEED=42
export VEXRISCV_REGRESSION_TEST_ID=
sbt "testOnly vexriscv.TestIndividualFeatures"

This will generate random VexRiscv configuration and test them with:

• ISA tests from https://github.com/riscv/riscv-tests/tree/master/isa and https://github.com/riscv/riscv-compliance
• Dhrystone benchmark
• Coremark benchmark
• Zephyr os
• Buildroot/Linux os
• Some handwritten tests to check the CSR, debug module and MMU plugins

You can rerun some specific test by setting VEXRISCV_REGRESSION_TEST_ID by their id. For instance, if you want to rerun :

• test_id_5_test_IBus_CachedS1024W1BPL32Relaxvexriscv.plugin.DYNAMIC_DBus_CachedS8192W2BPL16_MulDiv_MulDivFpga_Shift_FullLate_Branch_Late_Hazard_BypassAll_RegFile_SyncDR_Src__Csr_AllNoException_Decoder__Debug_None_DBus_NoMmu
• test_id_9_test_IBus_Simple1S2InjStagevexriscv.plugin.STATIC_DBus_SimpleLate_MulDiv_MulDivFpgaSimple_Shift_FullEarly_Branch_Late_Hazard_Interlock_RegFile_AsyncER_Src_AddSubExecute_Csr_None_Decoder__Debug_None_DBus_NoMmu

then :

export VEXRISCV_REGRESSION_TEST_ID=5,9

Also there is a few environnement variable that you can use to modulate the random generation :

Interactive debug of the simulated CPU via GDB OpenOCD and Verilator

To use this, you just need to use the same command as with running tests, but adding DEBUG_PLUGIN_EXTERNAL=yes in the make arguments. This works for the GenFull configuration, but not for GenSmallest, as this configuration has no debug module.

Then, you can use the OpenOCD RISC-V tool to create a GDB server connected to the target (the simulated CPU), as follows:

#In the VexRiscv repository, to run the simulation on which one OpenOCD can connect itself =>
sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.GenFull"
cd src/test/cpp/regression
make run DEBUG_PLUGIN_EXTERNAL=yes

#In the openocd git, after building it =>
src/openocd -c "set VEXRISCV_YAML PATH_TO_THE_GENERATED_CPU0_YAML_FILE" -f tcl/target/vexriscv_sim.cfg

#Run a GDB session with an elf RISCV executable (GenFull CPU)
YourRiscvToolsPath/bin/riscv32-unknown-elf-gdb VexRiscvRepo/src/test/resources/elf/uart.elf
target remote localhost:3333
monitor reset halt
load
continue

# Now it should print messages in the Verilator simulation of the CPU

Using Eclipse to run and debug the software

By using gnu-mcu-eclipse

You can download releases of the IDE here: https://github.com/gnu-mcu-eclipse/org.eclipse.epp.packages/releases

In the IDE, you can import a makefile project by:

• file -> import -> C/C++ -> existing Code as Makefile Project
• Select the folder which contains the makefile, then select "Cross GCC" (not "RISC-V Cross GCC")

To create a new debug configuration:

• run -> Debug Configurations -> GDB OpenOCD Debugging double click
• Look at https://drive.google.com/open?id=1c46tyEV0xLwOsk76b0y2qqs8CYy7Zq3f for a configuration example

By using Zylin plugin (old)

You can use the Eclipse + Zylin embedded CDT plugin to do it (http://opensource.zylin.com/embeddedcdt.html). Tested with Helios Service Release 2 (http://www.Eclipse.org/downloads/download.php?file=/technology/epp/downloads/release/helios/SR2/Eclipse-cpp-helios-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz) and the corresponding zylin plugin.

To following commands will download Eclipse and install the plugin.

wget http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/download.php?file=/technology/epp/downloads/release/helios/SR2/eclipse-cpp-helios-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
tar -xvzf download.php?file=%2Ftechnology%2Fepp%2Fdownloads%2Frelease%2Fhelios%2FSR2%2Feclipse-cpp-helios-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
cd eclipse
./eclipse -application org.eclipse.equinox.p2.director -repository http://opensource.zylin.com/zylincdt -installIU com.zylin.cdt.feature.feature.group/

See https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1NseNHH05B6lmIXqQFVwK8xRjWE4ydeG-?usp=sharing to import a makefile project and create a debug configuration.

Note that sometimes Eclipse needs to be restarted in order to be able to place new breakpoints.

If you want to get more information about how all this JTAG / GDB stuff work, you can find great blog about it here :

https://tomverbeure.github.io/2021/07/18/VexRiscv-OpenOCD-and-Traps.html

Briey SoC

As a demonstration, a SoC named Briey is implemented in src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/Briey.scala. This SoC is very similar to the Pinsec SoC:

To generate the Briey SoC Hardware:

sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.Briey"

To run the verilator simulation of the Briey SoC, which can then be connected to OpenOCD/GDB, first get these dependencies:

sudo apt-get install build-essential xorg-dev libudev-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libasound2-dev libpulse-dev libopenal-dev libogg-dev libvorbis-dev libaudiofile-dev libpng12-dev libfreetype6-dev libusb-dev libdbus-1-dev zlib1g-dev libdirectfb-dev libsdl2-dev

Then go in src/test/cpp/briey and run the simulation with (UART TX is printed in the terminal, VGA is displayed in a GUI):

make clean run

To connect OpenOCD (https://github.com/SpinalHDL/openocd_riscv) to the simulation :

src/openocd -f tcl/interface/jtag_tcp.cfg -c "set BRIEY_CPU0_YAML /home/spinalvm/Spinal/VexRiscv/cpu0.yaml" -f tcl/target/briey.cfg

To connect OpenOCD to Altera FPGAs (Intel VJTAG) see here: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscv/tree/master/doc/vjtag

You can find multiple software examples and demos here: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscvSocSoftware/tree/master/projects/briey

You can find some FPGA projects which instantiate the Briey SoC here (DE1-SoC, DE0-Nano): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B-CqLXDTaMbKZGdJZlZ5THAxRTQ?usp=sharing

Here are some measurements of Briey SoC timings and area:

Artix 7     -> 181 Mhz 3220 LUT 3181 FF 
Cyclone V   -> 142 Mhz 2,222 ALMs
Cyclone IV  -> 130 Mhz 4,538 LUT 3,211 FF 

Murax SoC

Murax is a very light SoC (it fits in an ICE40 FPGA) which can work without any external components:

• VexRiscv RV32I[M]
• JTAG debugger (Eclipse/GDB/openocd ready)
• 8 kB of on-chip ram
• Interrupt support
• APB bus for peripherals
• 32 GPIO pin
• one 16 bits prescaler, two 16 bits timers
• one UART with tx/rx fifo

Depending on the CPU configuration, on the ICE40-hx8k FPGA with icestorm for synthesis, the full SoC has the following area/performance:

• RV32I interlocked stages => 51 Mhz, 2387 LC 0.45 DMIPS/Mhz
• RV32I bypassed stages => 45 Mhz, 2718 LC 0.65 DMIPS/Mhz

Its implementation can be found here: src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/Murax.scala.

To generate the Murax SoC Hardware:

# To generate the SoC without any content in the ram
sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.Murax"

# To generate the SoC with a demo program already in ram
sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.MuraxWithRamInit"

The demo program included by default with MuraxWithRamInit will blink the LEDs and echo characters received on the UART back to the user. To see this when running the Verilator sim, type some text and press enter.

Then go in src/test/cpp/murax and run the simulation with:

make clean run

To connect OpenOCD (https://github.com/SpinalHDL/openocd_riscv) to the simulation:

src/openocd -f tcl/interface/jtag_tcp.cfg -c "set MURAX_CPU0_YAML /home/spinalvm/Spinal/VexRiscv/cpu0.yaml" -f tcl/target/murax.cfg

You can find multiple software examples and demos here: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscvSocSoftware/tree/master/projects/murax

Here are some timing and area measurements of the Murax SoC:

Murax interlocked stages (0.45 DMIPS/Mhz, 8 bits GPIO) ->
    Artix 7     -> 216 Mhz 1109 LUT 1201 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 182 Mhz 725 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 147 Mhz 1,551 LUT 1,223 FF 
    iCE40       ->  64 Mhz 2422 LC (nextpnr)

MuraxFast bypassed stages (0.65 DMIPS/Mhz, 8 bits GPIO) ->
    Artix 7     -> 224 Mhz 1278 LUT 1300 FF 
    Cyclone V   -> 173 Mhz 867 ALMs
    Cyclone IV  -> 143 Mhz 1,755 LUT 1,258 FF 
    iCE40       ->  66 Mhz 2799 LC (nextpnr)

Some scripts to generate the SoC and call the icestorm toolchain can be found here: scripts/Murax/

A top level simulation testbench with the same features + a GUI are implemented with SpinalSim. You can find it in src/test/scala/vexriscv/MuraxSim.scala.

To run it :

# This will generate the Murax RTL + run its testbench. You need Verilator 3.9xx installated.
sbt "test:runMain vexriscv.MuraxSim"

Running Linux

A default configuration is located in src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/Linux.scala.

This file also contains

• The commands to compile the buildroot image
• How to run the Verilator simulation in interative mode

There is currently no SoC to run it on hardware, it is WIP. But the CPU simulation can already boot linux and run user space applications (even python).

Note that VexRiscv can run Linux on both cache full and cache less design.

Build the RISC-V GCC

A prebuild GCC toolsuite can be found here:

• https://www.sifive.com/software/ => Prebuilt RISC‑V GCC Toolchain and Emulator

The VexRiscvSocSoftware makefiles are expecting to find this prebuild version in /opt/riscv/contentOfThisPreBuild

version=riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc-8.3.0-2019.08.0-x86_64-linux-ubuntu14
wget -O riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc.tar.gz riscv https://static.dev.sifive.com/dev-tools/$version.tar.gz
tar -xzvf riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc.tar.gz
sudo mv $version /opt/riscv
echo 'export PATH=/opt/riscv/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc

If you want to compile the rv32i and rv32im GCC toolchain from source code and install them in /opt/, do the following (will take one hour):

# Be carefull, sometime the git clone has issue to successfully clone riscv-gnu-toolchain.
sudo apt-get install autoconf automake autotools-dev curl libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev libgmp-dev gawk build-essential bison flex texinfo gperf libtool patchutils bc zlib1g-dev -y

git clone --recursive https://github.com/riscv/riscv-gnu-toolchain riscv-gnu-toolchain
cd riscv-gnu-toolchain

echo "Starting RISC-V Toolchain build process"

ARCH=rv32im
rmdir -rf $ARCH
mkdir $ARCH; cd $ARCH
../configure  --prefix=/opt/$ARCH --with-arch=$ARCH --with-abi=ilp32
sudo make -j4
cd ..


ARCH=rv32i
rmdir -rf $ARCH
mkdir $ARCH; cd $ARCH
../configure  --prefix=/opt/$ARCH --with-arch=$ARCH --with-abi=ilp32
sudo make -j4
cd ..

echo -e "\\nRISC-V Toolchain installation completed!"

CPU parametrization and instantiation example

You can find many examples of different configurations in the https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscv/tree/master/src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo folder.

Here is one such example:

import vexriscv._
import vexriscv.plugin._

//Instanciate one VexRiscv
val cpu = new VexRiscv(
  //Provide a configuration instance
  config = VexRiscvConfig(
    //Provide a list of plugins which will futher add their logic into the CPU
    plugins = List(
      new IBusSimplePlugin(
        resetVector = 0x00000000l,
        cmdForkOnSecondStage = true,
        cmdForkPersistence  = true
      ),
      new DBusSimplePlugin(
        catchAddressMisaligned = false,
        catchAccessFault = false
      ),
      new DecoderSimplePlugin(
        catchIllegalInstruction = false
      ),
      new RegFilePlugin(
        regFileReadyKind = Plugin.SYNC,
        zeroBoot = true
      ),
      new IntAluPlugin,
      new SrcPlugin(
        separatedAddSub = false,
        executeInsertion = false
      ),
      new LightShifterPlugin,
      new HazardSimplePlugin(
        bypassExecute           = false,
        bypassMemory            = false,
        bypassWriteBack         = false,
        bypassWriteBackBuffer   = false
      ),
      new BranchPlugin(
        earlyBranch = false,
        catchAddressMisaligned = false
      ),
      new YamlPlugin("cpu0.yaml")
    )
  )
)

Add a custom instruction to the CPU via the plugin system

Here is an example of a simple plugin which adds a simple SIMD_ADD instruction:

import spinal.core._
import vexriscv.plugin.Plugin
import vexriscv.{Stageable, DecoderService, VexRiscv}

//This plugin example will add a new instruction named SIMD_ADD which does the following:
//
//RD : Regfile Destination, RS : Regfile Source
//RD( 7 downto  0) = RS1( 7 downto  0) + RS2( 7 downto  0)
//RD(16 downto  8) = RS1(16 downto  8) + RS2(16 downto  8)
//RD(23 downto 16) = RS1(23 downto 16) + RS2(23 downto 16)
//RD(31 downto 24) = RS1(31 downto 24) + RS2(31 downto 24)
//
//Instruction encoding :
//0000011----------000-----0110011
//       |RS2||RS1|   |RD |
//
//Note :  RS1, RS2, RD positions follow the RISC-V spec and are common for all instruction of the ISA

class SimdAddPlugin extends Plugin[VexRiscv]{
  //Define the concept of IS_SIMD_ADD signals, which specify if the current instruction is destined for this plugin
  object IS_SIMD_ADD extends Stageable(Bool)

  //Callback to setup the plugin and ask for different services
  override def setup(pipeline: VexRiscv): Unit = {
    import pipeline.config._

    //Retrieve the DecoderService instance
    val decoderService = pipeline.service(classOf[DecoderService])

    //Specify the IS_SIMD_ADD default value when instructions are decoded
    decoderService.addDefault(IS_SIMD_ADD, False)

    //Specify the instruction decoding which should be applied when the instruction matches the 'key' parttern
    decoderService.add(
      //Bit pattern of the new SIMD_ADD instruction
      key = M"0000011----------000-----0110011",

      //Decoding specification when the 'key' pattern is recognized in the instruction
      List(
        IS_SIMD_ADD              -> True,
        REGFILE_WRITE_VALID      -> True, //Enable the register file write
        BYPASSABLE_EXECUTE_STAGE -> True, //Notify the hazard management unit that the instruction result is already accessible in the EXECUTE stage (Bypass ready)
        BYPASSABLE_MEMORY_STAGE  -> True, //Same as above but for the memory stage
        RS1_USE                  -> True, //Notify the hazard management unit that this instruction uses the RS1 value
        RS2_USE                  -> True  //Same as above but for RS2.
      )
    )
  }

  override def build(pipeline: VexRiscv): Unit = {
    import pipeline._
    import pipeline.config._

    //Add a new scope on the execute stage (used to give a name to signals)
    execute plug new Area {
      //Define some signals used internally by the plugin
      val rs1 = execute.input(RS1).asUInt
      //32 bits UInt value of the regfile[RS1]
      val rs2 = execute.input(RS2).asUInt
      val rd = UInt(32 bits)

      //Do some computations
      rd(7 downto 0) := rs1(7 downto 0) + rs2(7 downto 0)
      rd(16 downto 8) := rs1(16 downto 8) + rs2(16 downto 8)
      rd(23 downto 16) := rs1(23 downto 16) + rs2(23 downto 16)
      rd(31 downto 24) := rs1(31 downto 24) + rs2(31 downto 24)

      //When the instruction is a SIMD_ADD, write the result into the register file data path.
      when(execute.input(IS_SIMD_ADD)) {
        execute.output(REGFILE_WRITE_DATA) := rd.asBits
      }
    }
  }
}

If you want to add this plugin to a given CPU, you just need to add it to its parameterized plugin list.

This example is a very simple one, but each plugin can really have access to the whole CPU:

• Halt a given stage of the CPU
• Unschedule instructions
• Emit an exception
• Introduce a new instruction decoding specification
• Ask to jump the PC somewhere
• Read signals published by other plugins
• Override published signals values
• Provide an alternative implementation
• ...

As a demonstration, this SimdAddPlugin was integrated in the src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/GenCustomSimdAdd.scala CPU configuration and is self-tested by the src/test/cpp/custom/simd_add application by running the following commands:

# Generate the CPU
sbt "runMain vexriscv.demo.GenCustomSimdAdd"

cd src/test/cpp/regression/

# Optionally add TRACE=yes if you want to get the VCD waveform from the simulation.
# Also you have to know that, by default, the testbench introduce instruction/data bus stall.
# Note the CUSTOM_SIMD_ADD flag is set to yes.
make clean run IBUS=SIMPLE DBUS=SIMPLE CSR=no MMU=no DEBUG_PLUGIN=no MUL=no DIV=no DHRYSTONE=no REDO=2 CUSTOM_SIMD_ADD=yes

To retrieve the plugin related signals in your waveform viewer, just filter with simd.

Adding a new CSR via the plugin system

Here are two examples about how to add a custom CSR to the CPU via the plugin system: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/VexRiscv/blob/master/src/main/scala/vexriscv/demo/CustomCsrDemoPlugin.scala

The first one (CustomCsrDemoPlugin) adds an instruction counter and a clock cycle counter into the CSR mapping (and also do tricky stuff as a demonstration).

The second one (CustomCsrDemoGpioPlugin) creates a GPIO peripheral directly mapped into the CSR.

CPU clock and resets

Without the debug plugin, the CPU will have a standard clk input and a reset input. But with the debug plugin the situation is the following:

• clk: as before, the clock which drives the whole CPU design, including the debug logic
• reset: reset all the CPU states except the debug logic
• debugReset: reset the debug logic of the CPU
• debug_resetOut: a CPU output signal which allows the JTAG to reset the CPU + the memory interconnect + the peripherals

So here is the reset interconnect, in case you use the debug plugin:

                                VexRiscv
                            +------------------+
                            |                  |
toplevelReset >----+--------> debugReset       |
                   |        |                  |
                   |  +-----< debug_resetOut   |
                   |  |     |                  |
                   +--or>-+-> reset            |
                          | |                  |
                          | +------------------+
                          |
                          +-> Interconnect / Peripherals

VexRiscv Architecture

VexRiscv is implemented via a 5 stage in-order pipeline on which many optional and complementary plugins add functionalities to provide a functional RISC-V CPU. This approach is completely unconventional and only possible through meta hardware description languages (SpinalHDL, in the current case) but has proven its advantages via the VexRiscv implementation:

• You can swap/turn on/turn off parts of the CPU directly via the plugin system
• You can add new functionalities/instructions without having to modify any of the sources of the CPU
• It allows the CPU configuration to cover a very large spectrum of implementations without cooking spaghetti code
• It allows your codebase to truly produce a parametrized CPU design

If you generate the CPU without any plugin, it will only contain the definition of the 5 pipeline stages and their basic arbitration, but nothing else, and everything else, including the program counter is added into the CPU via plugins.

FPU

Features :

• Support IEEE 754 float and optionaly double
• Implement Subnormal (few cycles lost in case of subnormal load/store)
• Implement exceptions flags
• The FPU can be shared between multiple CPU
• Can be integrated inside or outside the CPU via the FpuPlugin
• Fully pipelined, can produce one result per cycle for most operations (add,sub, mul, fma, load, store), as long there is no inter-dependancies
• Implement multiplication using multiple sub multiplication operations in parallel ("FPGA friendly")
• Division done with radix 4 (2 bits per cycle)
• Square root done with radix 2 (1 bit per cycle)
• Currently only compatible with the DBusCachedPlugin for load and store
• 64 bits Load and store can be done in one cycle via the DBusCachedPlugin (even if VexRiscv is RV32)

Accuracy, roundings (RNE, RTZ, RDN, RUP, RMM) and compliance:

• Fully implemented excepted in the cases specified bellow
• In FMA, the result of the multiplication is rounded before the addition (keep mantissa width + 2 bits)
• A very special corner case of underflow flag do not follow IEEE 754 (rounding from subnormal to normal number)
• Very specific, but SGNJ instruction will not mutate the value from/to F32/F64 (no NaN-boxing mutation)

There is a diagram of the FPU design and its CPU integration :

The FPU can be parametrized with FpuParameter data structure :

Synthesis results of the FPU itself, without the CPU integration, on the fast speed grade :

Fpu 32 bits ->
  Artix 7 relaxed -> 135 Mhz 1786 LUT 1778 FF 
  Artix 7 FMax    -> 205 Mhz 2101 LUT 1778 FF 
Fpu 64/32 bits ->
  Artix 7 relaxed -> 101 Mhz 3336 LUT 3033 FF 
  Artix 7 FMax    -> 165 Mhz 3728 LUT 3175 FF 

Note that if you want to debug FPU code via the openocd_riscv.vexriscv target, you need to use the GDB from :

https://static.dev.sifive.com/dev-tools/riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc-20171231-x86_64-linux-centos6.tar.gz

More recent versions of gdb will not detect the FPU. Also, the openocd_riscv.vexriscv can't read CSR/FPU registers, so to have visibility on the floating points values, you need to compile your code in -O0, which will force values to be stored in memory (and so, be visible)

Plugins

This chapter describes the currently implemented plugins.

• IBusSimplePlugin
• IBusCachedPlugin
• DecoderSimplePlugin
• RegFilePlugin
• HazardSimplePlugin
• SrcPlugin
• IntAluPlugin
• LightShifterPlugin
• FullBarrelShifterPlugin
• BranchPlugin
• DBusSimplePlugin
• DBusCachedPlugin
• MulPlugin
• DivPlugin
• MulDivIterativePlugin
• CsrPlugin
• StaticMemoryTranslatorPlugin
• MemoryTranslatorPlugin
• DebugPlugin
• EmbeddedRiscvJtag
• YamlPlugin
• FpuPlugin

IBusSimplePlugin

This plugin implements the CPU frontend (instruction fetch) via a very simple and neutral memory interface going outside the CPU.

Here is the SimpleBus interface definition:

case class IBusSimpleCmd() extends Bundle{
  val pc = UInt(32 bits)
}

case class IBusSimpleRsp() extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val error = Bool
  val inst  = Bits(32 bits)

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    out(error,inst)
  }
}

case class IBusSimpleBus(interfaceKeepData : Boolean) extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  var cmd = Stream(IBusSimpleCmd())
  var rsp = Flow(IBusSimpleRsp())

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    master(cmd)
    slave(rsp)
  }
}

Important : check out the cmdForkPersistence parameter, because if it is not set, it can break the iBus compatibility with your memory system (unless you externaly add some buffers).

Setting cmdForkPersistence and cmdForkOnSecondStage improves iBus cmd timings.

The iBusSimplePlugin includes bridges to convert from the IBusSimpleBus to AXI4, Avalon, and Wishbone interfaces.

This plugin implements a jump interface that allows all other plugins to issue a jump:

trait JumpService{
  def createJumpInterface(stage : Stage) : Flow[UInt]
}

The stage argument specifies the stage from which the jump is asked. This allows the PcManagerSimplePlugin plugin to manage priorities between jump requests from diffent stages.

IBusCachedPlugin

Simple and light multi-way instruction cache.

Note: If you enable the twoCycleRam option and if wayCount is bigger than one, then the register file plugin should be configured to read the regFile in an asynchronous manner.

The memory bus is defined as :

case class InstructionCacheMemCmd(p : InstructionCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val address = UInt(p.addressWidth bit)
  val size = UInt(log2Up(log2Up(p.bytePerLine) + 1) bits)
}

case class InstructionCacheMemRsp(p : InstructionCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val data = Bits(p.memDataWidth bit)
  val error = Bool
}

case class InstructionCacheMemBus(p : InstructionCacheConfig) extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val cmd = Stream (InstructionCacheMemCmd(p))
  val rsp = Flow (InstructionCacheMemRsp(p))

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    master(cmd)
    slave(rsp)
  }
}

The address is in byte and aligned to the bytePerLine config, the size will always be equal to log2(bytePerLine).

Note that the cmd stream transaction need to be consumed before starting to send back some rsp transactions (1 cycle minimal latency)

Some documentation about Stream here :

https://spinalhdl.github.io/SpinalDoc-RTD/master/SpinalHDL/Libraries/stream.html?highlight=stream

Flow are the same as Stream but without ready signal.

DecoderSimplePlugin

This plugin provides instruction decoding capabilities to other plugins.

For instance, for a given instruction, the pipeline hazard plugin needs to know if it uses the register file source 1/2 in order to stall the pipeline until the hazard is gone. Each plugin that implements an instruction provides this kind of information to the DecoderSimplePlugin plugin.

Here is a usage example:

    //Specify the instruction decoding which should be applied when the instruction matches the 'key' pattern
    decoderService.add(
      //Bit pattern of the new instruction
      key = M"0000011----------000-----0110011",

      //Decoding specification when the 'key' pattern is recognized in the instruction
      List(
        IS_SIMD_ADD              -> True, //Inform the pipeline that the current instruction is a SIMD_ADD instruction
        REGFILE_WRITE_VALID      -> True, //Notify the hazard management unit that this instruction writes to the register file
        BYPASSABLE_EXECUTE_STAGE -> True, //Notify the hazard management unit that the instruction result is already accessible in the EXECUTE stage (Bypass ready)
        BYPASSABLE_MEMORY_STAGE  -> True, //Same as above but for the memory stage
        RS1_USE                  -> True, //Notify the hazard management unit that this instruction uses the RS1 value
        RS2_USE                  -> True  //Same than above but for RS2.
      )
    )
  }

This plugin operates in the Decode stage.

RegFilePlugin

This plugin implements the register file.

This register file use a don't care read-during-write policy, so the bypassing/hazard plugin should take care of this.

If you get a Missing inserts : INSTRUCTION_ANTICIPATE error, that's because the RegFilePlugin is configured to use SYNC memory read ports to access the register file, but the IBus plugin configuration can't provide the instruction's register file read address one cycle before the decode stage. To workaround that you can :

• Configure the RegFilePlugin to implement the register file read in a asyncronus manner (ASYNC), if your target device support such things
• If you use the IBusSimplePlugin, you need to enable the injectorStage configuration
• If you use the IBusCachedPlugin, you can either enable the injectorStage, or set twoCycleCache + twoCycleRam to false.

HazardSimplePlugin

This plugin checks the pipeline instruction dependencies and, if necessary or possible, will stop the instruction in the decoding stage or bypass the instruction results from the later stages of the decode stage.

Since the register file is implemented with a don't care read-during-write policy, this plugin also manages these kind of hazards.

SrcPlugin

This plugin muxes different input values to produce SRC1/SRC2/SRC_ADD/SRC_SUB/SRC_LESS values which are common values used by many plugins in the execute stage (ALU/Branch/Load/Store).

Except for SRC1/SRC2, this plugin does everything at the begining of Execute stage.

IntAluPlugin

This plugin implements all ADD/SUB/SLT/SLTU/XOR/OR/AND/LUI/AUIPC instructions in the execute stage by using the SrcPlugin outputs. It is a really simple plugin.

The result is injected into the pipeline directly at the end of the execute stage.

LightShifterPlugin

Implements SLL/SRL/SRA instructions by using an iterative shifter register, while using one cycle per bit shift.

The result is injected into the pipeline directly at the end of the execute stage.

FullBarrelShifterPlugin

Implements SLL/SRL/SRA instructions by using a full barrel shifter, so it executes all shifts in a single cycle.

BranchPlugin

This plugin implements all branch/jump instructions (JAL/JALR/BEQ/BNE/BLT/BGE/BLTU/BGEU) with primitives used by the cpu frontend plugins to implement branch prediction. The prediction implementation is set in the frontend plugins (IBusX).

Each miss predicted jumps will produce between 2 and 4 cycles penalty depending the earlyBranch and the PcManagerSimplePlugin.relaxedPcCalculation configurations

Prediction NONE

No prediction: each PC change due to a jump/branch will produce a penalty.

Prediction STATIC

In the decode stage, a conditional branch pointing backwards or a JAL is branched speculatively. If the speculation is right, the branch penalty is reduced to a single cycle, otherwise the standard penalty is applied.

Prediction DYNAMIC

Same as the STATIC prediction, except that to do the prediction, it uses a direct mapped 2 bit history cache (BHT) which remembers if the branch is more likely to be taken or not.

Prediction DYNAMIC_TARGET

This predictor uses a direct mapped branch target buffer (BTB) in the Fetch stage which stores the PC of the instruction, the target PC of the instruction and a 2 bit history to remember if the branch is more likely to be taken or not. This is actually the most efficient branch predictor implemented on VexRiscv, because when the branch prediction is right, it produces no branch penalty. The downside is that this predictor has a long combinatorial path coming from the prediction cache read port to the programm counter, passing through the jump interface.

DBusSimplePlugin

This plugin implements the load and store instructions (LB/LH/LW/LBU/LHU/LWU/SB/SH/SW) via a simple memory bus going out of the CPU.

Here is the DBusSimpleBus

case class DBusSimpleCmd() extends Bundle{
  val wr = Bool
  val address = UInt(32 bits)
  val data = Bits(32 bit)
  val size = UInt(2 bit)
}

case class DBusSimpleRsp() extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val ready = Bool
  val error = Bool
  val data = Bits(32 bit)

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    out(ready,error,data)
  }
}


case class DBusSimpleBus() extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val cmd = Stream(DBusSimpleCmd())
  val rsp = DBusSimpleRsp()

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    master(cmd)
    slave(rsp)
  }
}

Note that there are bridges available that can convert this interface into AXI4 and Avalon.

There is at least one cycle latency between a cmd and the corresponding rsp. The rsp.ready flag should be false after a read cmd until the rsp is present.

DBusCachedPlugin

Multi way cache implementation with writh-through and allocate on read strategy. (Documentation is WIP)

You can invalidate the whole cache via the 0x500F instruction, and you can invalidate a address range (single line size) via the instruction 0x500F | RS1 << 15 where RS1 should not be X0 and point to one byte of the desired address to invalidate.

The memory bus is defined as :

case class DataCacheMemCmd(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val wr = Bool
  val uncached = Bool
  val address = UInt(p.addressWidth bit)
  val data = Bits(p.cpuDataWidth bits)
  val mask = Bits(p.cpuDataWidth/8 bits)
  val size   = UInt(p.sizeWidth bits) //... 1 => 2 bytes ... 2 => 4 bytes ...
  val exclusive = p.withExclusive generate Bool()
  val last = Bool
}
case class DataCacheMemRsp(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val aggregated = UInt(p.aggregationWidth bits)
  val last = Bool()
  val data = Bits(p.memDataWidth bit)
  val error = Bool
  val exclusive = p.withExclusive generate Bool()
}
case class DataCacheInv(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val enable = Bool()
  val address = UInt(p.addressWidth bit)
}
case class DataCacheAck(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val hit = Bool()
}

case class DataCacheSync(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle{
  val aggregated = UInt(p.aggregationWidth bits)
}

case class DataCacheMemBus(p : DataCacheConfig) extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val cmd = Stream (DataCacheMemCmd(p))
  val rsp = Flow (DataCacheMemRsp(p))

  val inv = p.withInvalidate generate Stream(Fragment(DataCacheInv(p)))
  val ack = p.withInvalidate generate Stream(Fragment(DataCacheAck(p)))
  val sync = p.withInvalidate generate Stream(DataCacheSync(p))

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    master(cmd)
    slave(rsp)

    if(p.withInvalidate) {
      slave(inv)
      master(ack)
      slave(sync)
    }
  }
}

If you don't use memory coherency you can ignore the inv/ack/sync streams, also write cmd should not generate any rsp transaction.

As the cache is write through, there is no write burst but only individual write transactions.

The address is in byte and aligned to the bytePerLine config, the size will is encoded as log2(number of bytes in the burst). last should be set only on the last transaction of a burst.

Note that the cmd stream transaction need to be consumed before starting to send back some rsp transactions (1 cycle minimal latency)

Some documentation about Stream here :

https://spinalhdl.github.io/SpinalDoc-RTD/master/SpinalHDL/Libraries/stream.html?highlight=stream

Flow are the same as Stream but without ready signal.

MulPlugin

Implements the multiplication instruction from the RISC-V M extension. Its implementation was done in a FPGA friendly way by using 4 17*17 bit multiplications. The processing is fully pipelined between the Execute/Memory/Writeback stage. The results of the instructions are always inserted in the WriteBack stage.

DivPlugin

Implements the division/modulo instruction from the RISC-V M extension. It is done in a simple iterative way which always takes 34 cycles. The result is inserted into the Memory stage.

This plugin is now based on MulDivIterativePlugin.

MulDivIterativePlugin

This plugin implements the multiplication, division and modulo of the RISC-V M extension in an iterative way, which is friendly for small FPGAs that don't have DSP blocks.

This plugin is able to unroll the iterative calculation process to reduce the number of cycles used to execute mul/div instructions.

The number of cycles used to execute a multiplication is '32/mulUnrollFactor' The number of cycles used to execute a division is '32/divUnrollFactor + 1'

Both mul/div are processed in the memory stage (late result).

CsrPlugin

Implements most of the Machine mode and a few of the User mode registers, as specified in the RISC-V priviledged spec. The access mode of most of the CSR is parameterizable to reduce the area usage of unneeded features.

(CsrAccess can be NONE/READ_ONLY/WRITE_ONLY/READ_WRITE)

If an interrupt occurs, before jumping to mtvec, the plugin will stop the Prefetch stage and wait for all the instructions in the later pipeline stages to complete their execution.

If an exception occur, the plugin will kill the corresponding instruction, flush all previous instructions, and wait until the previously killed instructions reach the WriteBack stage before jumping to mtvec.

StaticMemoryTranslatorPlugin

Static memory translator plugin which allows to specify which range of the memory addresses is I/O mapped and shouldn't be cached.

MmuPlugin

Hardware refilled MMU implementation. Allows other plugins such as DBusCachedPlugin/IBusCachedPlugin to instanciate memory address translation ports. Each port has a small dedicated fully associative TLB cache which is refilled automaticaly via a dbus access sharing.

PmpPlugin

This is a physical memory protection (PMP) plugin which conforms to the latest RISC-V privilege specification. PMP is configured by writing two special CSRs: pmpcfg# and pmpaddr#. The former contains the permissions and addressing modes for four protection regions, and the latter contains the encoded start address for a single region. Since the actual region bounds must be computed from the values written to these registers, writing them takes a few CPU cylces. This delay is necessary in order to centralize all of the decoding logic into a single component. Otherwise, it would have to be duplicated for each region, even though the decoding operation happens only when PMP is reprogrammed (e.g., on some context switches).

DebugPlugin

This plugin implements enough CPU debug features to allow comfortable GDB/Eclipse debugging. To access those debug features, it provides a simple memory bus interface. The JTAG interface is provided by another bridge, which makes it possible to efficiently connect multiple CPUs to the same JTAG.

The internals of the debug plugin are done in a manner which reduces the area usage and the FMax impact of this plugin.

Here is the simple bus to access it, the rsp comes one cycle after the request:

case class DebugExtensionCmd() extends Bundle{
  val wr = Bool
  val address = UInt(8 bit)
  val data = Bits(32 bit)
}
case class DebugExtensionRsp() extends Bundle{
  val data = Bits(32 bit)
}

case class DebugExtensionBus() extends Bundle with IMasterSlave{
  val cmd = Stream(DebugExtensionCmd())
  val rsp = DebugExtensionRsp()

  override def asMaster(): Unit = {
    master(cmd)
    in(rsp)
  }
}

Here is the register mapping:

Read address 0x00 ->
  bit 0  : resetIt
  bit 1  : haltIt
  bit 2  : isPipBusy
  bit 3  : haltedByBreak
  bit 4  : stepIt
Write address 0x00 ->
  bit 4  : stepIt
  bit 16 : set resetIt
  bit 17 : set haltIt
  bit 24 : clear resetIt
  bit 25 : clear haltIt and haltedByBreak

Read Address 0x04 ->
  bits (31 downto 0) : Last value written into the register file
Write Address 0x04 ->
  bits (31 downto 0) : Instruction that should be pushed into the CPU pipeline for debug purposes

The OpenOCD port is here: https://github.com/SpinalHDL/openocd_riscv

YamlPlugin

This plugin offers a service to other plugins to generate a useful Yaml file describing the CPU configuration. It contains, for instance, the sequence of instructions required to flush the data cache (information used by openocd).

FpuPlugin

Allow the integration of a internal or a external FPU into VexRiscv (See the FPU chapter)

AesPlugin

This plugin allow to accelerate AES encryption/decryption by using an internal ROM to solve SBOX and permutations, allowing in practice to execute one AES round in about 21 cycles.

For more documentation, check src/main/scala/vexriscv/plugin/AesPlugin.scala, a software C driver can be found here : https://github.com/SpinalHDL/SaxonSoc/blob/dev-0.3/software/standalone/driver/aes_custom.h

It was also ported on libressl via the following patch : https://github.com/SpinalHDL/buildroot-spinal-saxon/blob/main/patches/libressl/0000-vexriscv-aes.patch

Speed up of 4 was observed in libressl running in linux. SpinalHDL/SaxonSoc#53 (comment)