pipx upgrade osxphotos

pipx reinstall osxphotos

pipx reinstall-all

pip install osxphotos

pip install --upgrade osxphotos

git clone https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos.git
cd osxphotos
python3 setup.py install

cd osxphotos
git pull
python3 setup.py install

Usage: osxphotos [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...

  osxphotos: the multi-tool for your Photos library

Options:
  -v, --version                   Show the version and exit.
  --library, --db PHOTOS_LIBRARY_PATH
                                  Specify path to Photos library. If not
                                  provided, will attempt to find the library to
                                  use in the following order: 1. last opened
                                  library, 2. system library, 3.
                                  ~/Pictures/Photos Library.photoslibrary
  --json                          Print output in JSON format.
  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.

Commands:
  about          Print information about osxphotos including license.
  add-locations  Add missing location data to photos in Photos.app using...
  albums         Print out albums found in the Photos library.
  batch-edit     Batch edit photo metadata such as title, description,...
  diff           Compare two Photos databases and print out differences
  docs           Open osxphotos documentation in your browser.
  dump           Print list of all photos & associated info from the Photos...
  exiftool       Run exiftool on previously exported files to update metadata.
  export         Export photos from the Photos database.
  exportdb       Utilities for working with the osxphotos export database
  help           Print help; for help on commands: help <command>.
  import         Import photos and videos into Photos.
  info           Print out descriptive info of the Photos library database.
  inspect        Interactively inspect photos selected in Photos.
  install        Install Python packages into the same environment as...
  keywords       Print out keywords found in the Photos library.
  labels         Print out image classification labels found in the Photos...
  list           Print list of Photos libraries found on the system.
  orphans        Find orphaned photos in a Photos library
  persons        Print out persons (faces) found in the Photos library.
  places         Print out places found in the Photos library.
  query          Query the Photos database using 1 or more search options;...
  repl           Run interactive osxphotos REPL shell (useful for...
  run            Run a python file using same environment as osxphotos.
  show           Show photo, album, or folder in Photos from UUID_OR_NAME
  snap           Create snapshot of Photos database to use with diff command
  sync           Sync metadata and albums between Photos libraries.
  theme          Manage osxphotos color themes.
  timewarp       Adjust date/time/timezone of photos in Apple Photos.
  tutorial       Display osxphotos tutorial.
  uninstall      Uninstall Python packages from the osxphotos environment
  uuid           Print out unique IDs (UUID) of photos selected in Photos
  version        Check for new version of osxphotos.

Usage: osxphotos export [OPTIONS] [PHOTOS_LIBRARY]... DEST

  Export photos from the Photos database. Export path DEST is required.
  Optionally, query the Photos database using 1 or more search options; if
  more than one option is provided, they are treated as "AND" (e.g. search for
  photos matching all options). If no query options are provided, all photos
  will be exported. By default, all versions of all photos will be exported
  including edited versions, live photo movies, burst photos, and associated
  raw images. See --skip-edited, --skip-live, --skip-bursts, and --skip-raw
  options to modify this behavior.

Options that match 'raw':

--has-raw                    Search for photos with both a jpeg and
                             raw version
--skip-raw                   Do not export associated RAW image of a
                             RAW+JPEG pair.  Note: this does not skip RAW
                             photos if the RAW photo does not have an
                             associated JPEG image (e.g. the RAW file was
                             imported to Photos without a JPEG preview).
--convert-to-jpeg            Convert all non-JPEG images (e.g. RAW, HEIC,
                             PNG, etc) to JPEG upon export. Note: does not
                             convert the RAW component of a RAW+JPEG pair as
                             the associated JPEG image will be exported. You
                             can use --skip-raw to skip
                             exporting the associated RAW image of a
                             RAW+JPEG pair. See also --jpeg-quality and
                             --jpeg-ext. Only works if your Mac has a GPU
                             (thus may not work on virtual machines).

/path/to/export/Travel/IMG_1234.JPG
/path/to/export/Vacation/IMG_1234.JPG

osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{title,{original_name}}"
                                              │    ││  │ 
                                              │    ││  │ 
     Use photo's title as the filename <──────┘    ││  │
                                                   ││  │
            Value after comma will be used <───────┘│  │
            if title is blank                       │  │
                                                    │  │
                      The default value can be <────┘  │
                      another template field           │
                                                       │
          Use photo's original name if no title <──────┘

osxphotos export /path/to/export --filename "{original_name}{favorite?#,}"
                                              │              │       │││ 
                                              │              │       │││ 
     Use photo's original name as filename <──┘              │       │││
                                                             │       │││
          'favorite' is True if photo is a Favorite, <───────┘       │││
          otherwise, False                                           │││
                                                                     │││
                           '?' specifies a conditional <─────────────┘││
                                                                      ││
                 Value immediately following ? will be used if <──────┘│
                 preceding template field is True or non-blank         │
                                                                       │
              Value immediately following comma will be used if <──────┘
              template field is False or blank (null); in this case
              no value is specified so a blank string "" will be used

/path/to/export/Travel-IMG_1234.JPG
/path/to/export/Vacation-IMG_1234.JPG

osxphotos export /path/to/export --exiftool --keyword-template "{folder_album(>)}"
                                                                 │            │
                                                                 │            │ 
                       folder_album results in the folder(s)  <──┘            │    
                       and album a photo is contained in                      │  
                                                                              │     
                       The value in () is used as the path separator  <───────┘     
                       for joining the folders and albums.  For example, 
                       if photo is in Folder1/Folder2/Album, (>) produces
                       "Folder1>Folder2>Album" which some programs, such as
                       Lightroom Classic, treat as hierarchical keywords

{title,}{title?{descr?{newline},},}{descr,}
 │           │      │ │       │ │  │ 
 │           │      │ │       │ │  │ 
 └──> insert title (or nothing if no title) 
             │      │ │       │ │  │
             └───> is there a title?
                    │ │       │ │  │
                    └───> if so, is there a description? 
                      │       │ │  │
                      └───> if so, insert new line 
                              │ │  │
                              └───> if descr is blank, insert nothing
                                │  │ 
                                └───> if title is blank, insert nothing
                                   │
                                   └───> finally, insert description 
                                         (or nothing if no description)

{shell_quote,{filepath}{comma}{,+keyword,}}
 │            │         │      │        │
 │            │         │      |        │
 └──> quote everything after comma for proper execution in the shell
              │         │      │        │
              └───> filepath of the exported file
                       │       │        │
                       └───> insert a comma 
                               │        │
                               └───> join the list of keywords together with a ","
                                        │
                                        └───> if no keywords, insert nothing (empty string: "")

I usually import my iPhone’s photo roll on a more or less regular basis, and it
includes photos and videos. As a result, the size ot my Photos library may rise
very quickly. Nevertheless, I will tag and geolocate everything as Photos has a
quite good keyword management system.

After a while, I want to take most of the videos out of the library and move them
to a separate "videos" folder on a different folder / volume. As I might want to
use them in Final Cut Pro, and since Final Cut is able to import Finder tags into
its internal library tagging system, I will use osxphotos to do just this.

Picking the videos can be left to Photos, using a smart folder for instance. Then
just add a keyword to all videos to be processed. Here I chose "Quik" as I wanted
to spot all videos created on my iPhone using the Quik application (now part of
GoPro).

I want to retrieve my keywords only and make sure they populate the Finder tags, as
well as export all the persons identified in the videos by Photos.  I also want to
merge any keywords or persons already in the video metadata with the exported
metadata.

Keeping Photo’s edited titles and descriptions and putting both in the Finder
comments field in a readable manner is also enabled.

And I want to keep the file’s creation date (using `--touch-file`).

Finally, use `--strip` to remove any leading or trailing whitespace from processed
template fields.

Usage: osxphotos export [OPTIONS] [PHOTOS_LIBRARY]... DEST

  Export photos from the Photos database. Export path DEST is required.

  Optionally, query the Photos database using 1 or more search options; if more
  than one different option is provided, they are treated as "AND" (e.g. search
  for photos matching all options). If the same query option is provided
  multiple times, they are treated as "OR" (e.g. search for photos matching any
  of the options). If no query options are provided, all photos will be
  exported.

  For example, adding the query options:

  --person "John Doe" --person "Jane Doe" --keyword "vacation"

  will export all photos with either person of ("John Doe" OR "Jane Doe") AND
  keyword of "vacation"

  By default, all versions of all photos will be exported including edited
  versions, live photo movies, burst photos, and associated raw images. See
  --skip-edited, --skip-live, --skip-bursts, and --skip-raw options to modify
  this behavior.

Options:
  --library, --db PHOTOS_LIBRARY_PATH
                                  Specify path to Photos library. If not
                                  provided, will attempt to find the library to
                                  use in the following order: 1. last opened
                                  library, 2. system library, 3.
                                  ~/Pictures/Photos Library.photoslibrary
  -V, --verbose                   Print verbose output; may be specified
                                  multiple times for more verbose output.
  --timestamp                     Add time stamp to verbose output
  --no-progress                   Do not display progress bar during export.
  --keyword KEYWORD               Search for photos with keyword KEYWORD. If
                                  more than one keyword, treated as "OR", e.g.
                                  find photos matching any keyword
  --no-keyword                    Search for photos with no keyword.
  --person PERSON                 Search for photos with person PERSON. If more
                                  than one person, treated as "OR", e.g. find
                                  photos matching any person
  --album ALBUM                   Search for photos in album ALBUM. If more than
                                  one album, treated as "OR", e.g. find photos
                                  matching any album
  --folder FOLDER                 Search for photos in an album in folder
                                  FOLDER. If more than one folder, treated as
                                  "OR", e.g. find photos in any FOLDER.  Only
                                  searches top level folders (e.g. does not look
                                  at subfolders)
  --name FILENAME                 Search for photos with filename matching
                                  FILENAME. If more than one --name options is
                                  specified, they are treated as "OR", e.g. find
                                  photos matching any FILENAME.
  --uuid UUID                     Search for photos with UUID(s). May be
                                  repeated to include multiple UUIDs.
  --uuid-from-file FILE           Search for photos with UUID(s) loaded from
                                  FILE. Format is a single UUID per line. Lines
                                  preceded with # are ignored. If FILE is '-',
                                  read UUIDs from stdin.
  --title TITLE                   Search for TITLE in title of photo.
  --no-title                      Search for photos with no title.
  --description DESC              Search for DESC in description of photo.
  --no-description                Search for photos with no description.
  --place PLACE                   Search for PLACE in photo's reverse
                                  geolocation info
  --no-place                      Search for photos with no associated place
                                  name info (no reverse geolocation info)
  --location                      Search for photos with associated location
                                  info (e.g. GPS coordinates)
  --no-location                   Search for photos with no associated location
                                  info (e.g. no GPS coordinates)
  --label LABEL                   Search for photos with image classification
                                  label LABEL (Photos 5+ only). If more than one
                                  label, treated as "OR", e.g. find photos
                                  matching any label
  --uti UTI                       Search for photos whose uniform type
                                  identifier (UTI) matches UTI
  -i, --ignore-case               Case insensitive search for title,
                                  description, place, keyword, person, or album.
  --edited                        Search for photos that have been edited.
  --not-edited                    Search for photos that have not been edited.
  --external-edit                 Search for photos edited in external editor.
  --favorite                      Search for photos marked favorite.
  --not-favorite                  Search for photos not marked favorite.
  --hidden                        Search for photos marked hidden.
  --not-hidden                    Search for photos not marked hidden.
  --shared                        Search for photos in shared iCloud album
                                  (Photos 5+ only).
  --not-shared                    Search for photos not in shared iCloud album
                                  (Photos 5+ only).
  --burst                         Search for photos that were taken in a burst.
  --not-burst                     Search for photos that are not part of a
                                  burst.
  --live                          Search for Apple live photos
  --not-live                      Search for photos that are not Apple live
                                  photos.
  --portrait                      Search for Apple portrait mode photos.
  --not-portrait                  Search for photos that are not Apple portrait
                                  mode photos.
  --screenshot                    Search for screenshot photos.
  --not-screenshot                Search for photos that are not screenshot
                                  photos.
  --slow-mo                       Search for slow motion videos.
  --not-slow-mo                   Search for photos that are not slow motion
                                  videos.
  --time-lapse                    Search for time lapse videos.
  --not-time-lapse                Search for photos that are not time lapse
                                  videos.
  --hdr                           Search for high dynamic range (HDR) photos.
  --not-hdr                       Search for photos that are not HDR photos.
  --selfie                        Search for selfies (photos taken with front-
                                  facing cameras).
  --not-selfie                    Search for photos that are not selfies.
  --panorama                      Search for panorama photos.
  --not-panorama                  Search for photos that are not panoramas.
  --has-raw                       Search for photos with both a jpeg and raw
                                  version
  --only-movies                   Search only for movies (default searches both
                                  images and movies).
  --only-photos                   Search only for photos/images (default
                                  searches both images and movies).
  --from-date DATETIME            Search by item start date, e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --to-date DATETIME              Search by item end date, e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --from-time TIME                Search by item start time of day, e.g. 12:00,
                                  or 12:00:00.
  --to-time TIME                  Search by item end time of day, e.g. 12:00 or
                                  12:00:00.
  --year YEAR                     Search for items from a specific year, e.g.
                                  --year 2022 to find all photos from the year
                                  2022. May be repeated to search multiple
                                  years.
  --added-before DATE             Search for items added to the library before a
                                  specific date/time, e.g. --added-before e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --added-after DATE              Search for items added to the libray after a
                                  specific date/time, e.g. --added-after e.g.
                                  2000-01-12T12:00:00,
                                  2001-01-12T12:00:00-07:00, or 2000-12-31 (ISO
                                  8601 with/without timezone).
  --added-in-last TIME_DELTA      Search for items added to the library in the
                                  last TIME_DELTA, where TIME_DELTA is a string
                                  like '12 hrs', '1 day', '1d', '1 week',
                                  '2weeks', '1 month', '1 year'. for example,
                                  `--added-in-last 7d` and `--added-in-last '1
                                  week'` are equivalent. months are assumed to
                                  be 30 days and years are assumed to be 365
                                  days. Common English abbreviations are
                                  accepted, e.g. d, day, days or m, min,
                                  minutes.
  --has-comment                   Search for photos that have comments.
  --no-comment                    Search for photos with no comments.
  --has-likes                     Search for photos that have likes.
  --no-likes                      Search for photos with no likes.
  --is-reference                  Search for photos that were imported as
                                  referenced files (not copied into Photos
                                  library).
  --not-reference                 Search for photos that are not references,
                                  that is, they were copied into the Photos
                                  library and are managed by Photos.
  --in-album                      Search for photos that are in one or more
                                  albums.
  --not-in-album                  Search for photos that are not in any albums.
  --duplicate                     Search for photos with possible duplicates.
                                  osxphotos will compare signatures of photos,
                                  evaluating date created, size, height, width,
                                  and edited status to find *possible*
                                  duplicates. This does not compare images byte-
                                  for-byte nor compare hashes but should find
                                  photos imported multiple times or duplicated
                                  within Photos.
  --min-size SIZE                 Search for photos with size >= SIZE bytes. The
                                  size evaluated is the photo's original size
                                  (when imported to Photos). Size may be
                                  specified as integer bytes or using SI or NIST
                                  units. For example, the following are all
                                  valid and equivalent sizes: '1048576'
                                  '1.048576MB', '1 MiB'.
  --max-size SIZE                 Search for photos with size <= SIZE bytes. The
                                  size evaluated is the photo's original size
                                  (when imported to Photos). Size may be
                                  specified as integer bytes or using SI or NIST
                                  units. For example, the following are all
                                  valid and equivalent sizes: '1048576'
                                  '1.048576MB', '1 MiB'.
  --missing                       Search for photos missing from disk.
  --not-missing                   Search for photos present on disk (e.g. not
                                  missing).
  --cloudasset                    Search for photos that are part of an iCloud
                                  library
  --not-cloudasset                Search for photos that are not part of an
                                  iCloud library
  --incloud                       Search for photos that are in iCloud (have
                                  been synched)
  --not-incloud                   Search for photos that are not in iCloud (have
                                  not been synched)
  --syndicated                    Search for photos that have been shared via
                                  syndication ('Shared with You' album via
                                  Messages, etc.)
  --not-syndicated                Search for photos that have not been shared
                                  via syndication ('Shared with You' album via
                                  Messages, etc.)
  --saved-to-library              Search for syndicated photos that have saved
                                  to the library
  --not-saved-to-library          Search for syndicated photos that have not
                                  saved to the library
  --regex REGEX TEMPLATE          Search for photos where TEMPLATE matches
                                  regular expression REGEX. For example, to find
                                  photos in an album that begins with 'Beach': '
                                  --regex "^Beach" "{album}"'. You may specify
                                  more than one regular expression match by
                                  repeating '--regex' with different arguments.
  --selected                      Filter for photos that are currently selected
                                  in Photos.
  --exif EXIF_TAG VALUE           Search for photos where EXIF_TAG exists in
                                  photo's EXIF data and contains VALUE. For
                                  example, to find photos created by Adobe
                                  Photoshop: `--exif Software 'Adobe Photoshop'
                                  `or to find all photos shot on a Canon camera:
                                  `--exif Make Canon`. EXIF_TAG can be any valid
                                  exiftool tag, with or without group name, e.g.
                                  `EXIF:Make` or `Make`. To use --exif, exiftool
                                  must be installed and in the path.
  --query-eval CRITERIA           Evaluate CRITERIA to filter photos. CRITERIA
                                  will be evaluated in context of the following
                                  python list comprehension: `photos = [photo
                                  for photo in photos if CRITERIA]` where photo
                                  represents a PhotoInfo object. For example:
                                  `--query-eval photo.favorite` returns all
                                  photos that have been favorited and is
                                  equivalent to --favorite. You may specify more
                                  than one CRITERIA by using --query-eval
                                  multiple times. CRITERIA must be a valid
                                  python expression. See
                                  https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/ for
                                  additional documentation on the PhotoInfo
                                  class.
  --query-function filename.py::function
                                  Run function to filter photos. Use this in
                                  format: --query-function filename.py::function
                                  where filename.py is a python file you've
                                  created and function is the name of the
                                  function in the python file you want to call.
                                  Your function will be passed a list of
                                  PhotoInfo objects and is expected to return a
                                  filtered list of PhotoInfo objects. You may
                                  use more than one function by repeating the
                                  --query-function option with a different
                                  value. Your query function will be called
                                  after all other query options have been
                                  evaluated. See https://github.com/RhetTbull/os
                                  xphotos/blob/master/examples/query_function.py
                                  for example of how to use this option.
  --deleted-only                  Include only photos from the 'Recently
                                  Deleted' folder.
  --deleted                       Include photos from the 'Recently Deleted'
                                  folder.
  --update                        Only export new or updated files. See also
                                  --force-update and notes below on export and
                                  --update.
  --force-update                  Only export new or updated files. Unlike
                                  --update, --force-update will re-export photos
                                  if their metadata has changed even if this
                                  would not otherwise trigger an export. See
                                  also --update and notes below on export and
                                  --update.
  --update-errors                 Update files that were previously exported but
                                  produced errors during export. For example, if
                                  a file produced an error with --exiftool due
                                  to bad metadata, this option will re-export
                                  the file and attempt to write the metadata
                                  again when used with --exiftool and --update.
                                  Without --update-errors, photos that were
                                  successfully exported but generated an error
                                  or warning during export will not be re-
                                  attempted if metadata has not changed. Must be
                                  used with --update.
  --ignore-signature              When used with '--update', ignores file
                                  signature when updating files. This is useful
                                  if you have processed or edited exported
                                  photos changing the file signature (size &
                                  modification date). In this case, '--update'
                                  would normally re-export the processed files
                                  but with '--ignore-signature', files which
                                  exist in the export directory will not be re-
                                  exported. If used with '--sidecar', '--ignore-
                                  signature' has the following behavior: 1) if
                                  the metadata (in Photos) that went into the
                                  sidecar did not change, the sidecar will not
                                  be updated; 2) if the metadata (in Photos)
                                  that went into the sidecar did change, a new
                                  sidecar is written but a new image file is
                                  not; 3) if a sidecar does not exist for the
                                  photo, a sidecar will be written whether or
                                  not the photo file was written or updated.
  --only-new                      If used with --update, ignores any previously
                                  exported files, even if missing from the
                                  export folder and only exports new files that
                                  haven't previously been exported.
  --limit LIMIT                   Export at most LIMIT photos. Useful for
                                  testing. May be used with --update to export
                                  incrementally.
  --dry-run                       Dry run (test) the export but don't actually
                                  export any files; most useful with --verbose.
  --export-as-hardlink            Hardlink files instead of copying them. Cannot
                                  be used with --exiftool which creates copies
                                  of the files with embedded EXIF data. Note: on
                                  APFS volumes, files are cloned when exporting
                                  giving many of the same advantages as
                                  hardlinks without having to use --export-as-
                                  hardlink.
  --touch-file                    Sets the file's modification time to match
                                  photo date.
  --overwrite                     Overwrite existing files. Default behavior is
                                  to add (1), (2), etc to filename if file
                                  already exists. Use this with caution as it
                                  may create name collisions on export. (e.g. if
                                  two files happen to have the same name)
  --retry RETRY                   Automatically retry export up to RETRY times
                                  if an error occurs during export.  This may be
                                  useful with network drives that experience
                                  intermittent errors.
  --export-by-date                Automatically create output folders to
                                  organize photos by date created (e.g.
                                  DEST/2019/12/20/photoname.jpg).
  --skip-edited                   Do not export edited version of photo if an
                                  edited version exists.
  --skip-original-if-edited       Do not export original if there is an edited
                                  version (exports only the edited version).
  --skip-bursts                   Do not export all associated burst images in
                                  the library if a photo is a burst photo.
  --skip-live                     Do not export the associated live video
                                  component of a live photo.
  --skip-raw                      Do not export associated RAW image of a
                                  RAW+JPEG pair.  Note: this does not skip RAW
                                  photos if the RAW photo does not have an
                                  associated JPEG image (e.g. the RAW file was
                                  imported to Photos without a JPEG preview).
  --skip-uuid UUID                Skip photos with UUID(s) during export. May be
                                  repeated to include multiple UUIDs.
  --skip-uuid-from-file FILE      Skip photos with UUID(s) loaded from FILE.
                                  Format is a single UUID per line.  Lines
                                  preceded with # are ignored.
  --current-name                  Use photo's current filename instead of
                                  original filename for export.  Note: Starting
                                  with Photos 5, all photos are renamed upon
                                  import.  By default, photos are exported with
                                  the the original name they had before import.
  --convert-to-jpeg               Convert all non-JPEG images (e.g. RAW, HEIC,
                                  PNG, etc) to JPEG upon export. Note: does not
                                  convert the RAW component of a RAW+JPEG pair
                                  as the associated JPEG image will be exported.
                                  You can use --skip-raw to skip exporting the
                                  associated RAW image of a RAW+JPEG pair. See
                                  also --jpeg-quality and --jpeg-ext. Only works
                                  if your Mac has a GPU (thus may not work on
                                  virtual machines).
  --jpeg-quality FLOAT RANGE      Value in range 0.0 to 1.0 to use with
                                  --convert-to-jpeg. A value of 1.0 specifies
                                  best quality, a value of 0.0 specifies maximum
                                  compression. Defaults to 1.0  [0.0<=x<=1.0]
  --preview                       Export preview image generated by Photos. This
                                  is a lower-resolution image used by Photos to
                                  quickly preview the image. See also --preview-
                                  suffix and --preview-if-missing.
  --preview-if-missing            Export preview image generated by Photos if
                                  the actual photo file is missing from the
                                  library. This may be helpful if photos were
                                  not copied to the Photos library and the
                                  original photo is missing. See also --preview-
                                  suffix and --preview.
  --preview-suffix SUFFIX         Optional suffix template for naming preview
                                  photos.  Default name for preview photos is in
                                  form 'photoname_preview.ext'. For example,
                                  with '--preview-suffix _low_res', the preview
                                  photo would be named 'photoname_low_res.ext'.
                                  The default suffix is '_preview'. Multi-value
                                  templates (see Templating System) are not
                                  permitted with --preview-suffix. See also
                                  --preview and --preview-if-missing.
  --download-missing              Attempt to download missing photos from
                                  iCloud. The current implementation uses
                                  Applescript to interact with Photos to export
                                  the photo which will force Photos to download
                                  from iCloud if the photo does not exist on
                                  disk.  This will be slow and will require
                                  internet connection. This obviously only works
                                  if the Photos library is synched to iCloud.
                                  Note: --download-missing does not currently
                                  export all burst images; only the primary
                                  photo will be exported--associated burst
                                  images will be skipped.
  --sidecar FORMAT                Create sidecar for each photo exported; valid
                                  FORMAT values: xmp, json, exiftool; --sidecar
                                  xmp: create XMP sidecar used by Digikam, Adobe
                                  Lightroom, etc. The sidecar file is named in
                                  format photoname.ext.xmp The XMP sidecar
                                  exports the following tags: Description,
                                  Title, Keywords/Tags, Subject (set to Keywords
                                  + PersonInImage), PersonInImage, CreateDate,
                                  ModifyDate, GPSLongitude, Face Regions
                                  (Metadata Working Group and Microsoft Photo).
                                  --sidecar json: create JSON sidecar useable by
                                  exiftool (https://exiftool.org/) The sidecar
                                  file can be used to apply metadata to the file
                                  with exiftool, for example: "exiftool
                                  -j=photoname.jpg.json photoname.jpg" The
                                  sidecar file is named in format
                                  photoname.ext.json; format includes tag groups
                                  (equivalent to running 'exiftool -G -j').
                                  --sidecar exiftool: create JSON sidecar
                                  compatible with output of 'exiftool -j'.
                                  Unlike '--sidecar json', '--sidecar exiftool'
                                  does not export tag groups. Sidecar filename
                                  is in format photoname.ext.json; For a list of
                                  tags exported in the JSON and exiftool
                                  sidecar, see '--exiftool'. See also '--ignore-
                                  signature'.
  --sidecar-drop-ext              Drop the photo's extension when naming sidecar
                                  files. By default, sidecar files are named in
                                  format 'photo_filename.photo_ext.sidecar_ext',
                                  e.g. 'IMG_1234.JPG.xmp'. Use '--sidecar-drop-
                                  ext' to ignore the photo extension. Resulting
                                  sidecar files will have name in format
                                  'IMG_1234.xmp'. Warning: this may result in
                                  sidecar filename collisions if there are files
                                  of different types but the same name in the
                                  output directory, e.g. 'IMG_1234.JPG' and
                                  'IMG_1234.MOV'.
  --exiftool                      Use exiftool to write metadata directly to
                                  exported photos. To use this option, exiftool
                                  must be installed and in the path.  exiftool
                                  may be installed from https://exiftool.org/.
                                  Cannot be used with --export-as-hardlink.
                                  Writes the following metadata:
                                  EXIF:ImageDescription, XMP:Description (see
                                  also --description-template); XMP:Title;
                                  XMP:TagsList, IPTC:Keywords, XMP:Subject (see
                                  also --keyword-template, --person-keyword,
                                  --album-keyword); XMP:PersonInImage;
                                  EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef; EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef;
                                  EXIF:GPSLatitude; EXIF:GPSLongitude;
                                  EXIF:GPSPosition; EXIF:DateTimeOriginal;
                                  EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal; EXIF:ModifyDate (see
                                  --ignore-date-modified); IPTC:DateCreated;
                                  IPTC:TimeCreated; (video files only):
                                  QuickTime:CreationDate; QuickTime:CreateDate;
                                  QuickTime:ModifyDate (see also --ignore-date-
                                  modified); QuickTime:GPSCoordinates;
                                  UserData:GPSCoordinates.
  --exiftool-path EXIFTOOL_PATH   Optionally specify path to exiftool; if not
                                  provided, will look for exiftool in $PATH.
  --exiftool-option OPTION        Optional flag/option to pass to exiftool when
                                  using --exiftool. For example, --exiftool-
                                  option '-m' to ignore minor warnings. Specify
                                  these as you would on the exiftool command
                                  line. See exiftool docs at
                                  https://exiftool.org/exiftool_pod.html for
                                  full list of options. More than one option may
                                  be specified by repeating the option, e.g.
                                  --exiftool-option '-m' --exiftool-option '-F'.
  --exiftool-merge-keywords       Merge any keywords found in the original file
                                  with keywords used for '--exiftool' and '--
                                  sidecar'.
  --exiftool-merge-persons        Merge any persons found in the original file
                                  with persons used for '--exiftool' and '--
                                  sidecar'.
  --favorite-rating               When used with --exiftool or --sidecar, set
                                  XMP:Rating=5 for photos marked as Favorite and
                                  XMP:Rating=0 for non-Favorites. If not
                                  specified, XMP:Rating is not set.
  --ignore-date-modified          If used with --exiftool or --sidecar, will
                                  ignore the photo modification date and set
                                  EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal; this
                                  is consistent with how Photos handles the
                                  EXIF:ModifyDate tag.
  --person-keyword                Use person in image as keyword/tag when
                                  exporting metadata.
  --album-keyword                 Use album name as keyword/tag when exporting
                                  metadata.
  --keyword-template TEMPLATE     For use with --exiftool, --sidecar; specify a
                                  template string to use as keyword in the form
                                  '{name,DEFAULT}' This is the same format as
                                  --directory.  For example, if you wanted to
                                  add the full path to the folder and album
                                  photo is contained in as a keyword when
                                  exporting you could specify --keyword-template
                                  "{folder_album}" You may specify more than one
                                  template, for example --keyword-template
                                  "{folder_album}" --keyword-template
                                  "{created.year}". See '--replace-keywords' and
                                  Templating System below.
  --replace-keywords              Replace keywords with any values specified
                                  with --keyword-template. By default,
                                  --keyword-template will add keywords to any
                                  keywords already associated with the photo.
                                  If --replace-keywords is specified, values
                                  from --keyword-template will replace any
                                  existing keywords instead of adding additional
                                  keywords.
  --description-template TEMPLATE
                                  For use with --exiftool, --sidecar; specify a
                                  template string to use as description in the
                                  form '{name,DEFAULT}' This is the same format
                                  as --directory.  For example, if you wanted to
                                  append 'exported with osxphotos on [today's
                                  date]' to the description, you could specify
                                  --description-template "{descr} exported with
                                  osxphotos on {today.date}" See Templating
                                  System below.
  --finder-tag-template TEMPLATE  Set MacOS Finder tags to TEMPLATE. These tags
                                  can be searched in the Finder or Spotlight
                                  with 'tag:tagname' format. For example, '--
                                  finder-tag-template "{label}"' to set Finder
                                  tags to photo labels. You may specify multiple
                                  TEMPLATE values by using '--finder-tag-
                                  template' multiple times. See also '--finder-
                                  tag-keywords and Extended Attributes below.'.
  --finder-tag-keywords           Set MacOS Finder tags to keywords; any
                                  keywords specified via '--keyword-template', '
                                  --person-keyword', etc. will also be used as
                                  Finder tags. See also '--finder-tag-template
                                  and Extended Attributes below.'.
  --xattr-template ATTRIBUTE TEMPLATE
                                  Set extended attribute ATTRIBUTE to TEMPLATE
                                  value. Valid attributes are: 'authors',
                                  'comment', 'copyright', 'creator',
                                  'description', 'findercomment', 'headline',
                                  'participants', 'projects', 'starrating',
                                  'subject', 'title', 'version'. For example, to
                                  set Finder comment to the photo's title and
                                  description: '--xattr-template findercomment
                                  "{title}; {descr}" See Extended Attributes
                                  below for additional details on this option.
  --directory DIRECTORY           Optional template for specifying name of
                                  output directory in the form '{name,DEFAULT}'.
                                  See below for additional details on templating
                                  system.
  --filename FILENAME             Optional template for specifying name of
                                  output file in the form '{name,DEFAULT}'. File
                                  extension will be added automatically--do not
                                  include an extension in the FILENAME template.
                                  See below for additional details on templating
                                  system.
  --jpeg-ext EXTENSION            Specify file extension for JPEG files. Photos
                                  uses .jpeg for edited images but many images
                                  are imported with .jpg or .JPG which can
                                  result in multiple different extensions used
                                  for JPEG files upon export.  Use --jpeg-ext to
                                  specify a single extension to use for all
                                  exported JPEG images. Valid values are jpeg,
                                  jpg, JPEG, JPG; e.g. '--jpeg-ext jpg' to use
                                  '.jpg' for all JPEGs.
  --strip                         Optionally strip leading and trailing
                                  whitespace from any rendered templates. For
                                  example, if --filename template is "{title,}
                                  {original_name}" and image has no title,
                                  resulting file would have a leading space but
                                  if used with --strip, this will be removed.
  --edited-suffix SUFFIX          Optional suffix template for naming edited
                                  photos.  Default name for edited photos is in
                                  form 'photoname_edited.ext'. For example, with
                                  '--edited-suffix _bearbeiten', the edited
                                  photo would be named
                                  'photoname_bearbeiten.ext'.  The default
                                  suffix is '_edited'. Multi-value templates
                                  (see Templating System) are not permitted with
                                  --edited-suffix.
  --original-suffix SUFFIX        Optional suffix template for naming original
                                  photos.  Default name for original photos is
                                  in form 'filename.ext'. For example, with '--
                                  original-suffix _original', the original photo
                                  would be named 'filename_original.ext'.  The
                                  default suffix is '' (no suffix). Multi-value
                                  templates (see Templating System) are not
                                  permitted with --original-suffix.
  --use-photos-export             Force the use of AppleScript or PhotoKit to
                                  export even if not missing (see also '--
                                  download-missing' and '--use-photokit').
  --use-photokit                  Use with '--download-missing' or '--use-
                                  photos-export' to use direct Photos interface
                                  instead of AppleScript to export. Highly
                                  experimental alpha feature; does not work with
                                  iTerm2 (use with Terminal.app). This is faster
                                  and more reliable than the default AppleScript
                                  interface.
  --report REPORT_FILE            Write a report of all files that were
                                  exported. The extension of the report filename
                                  will be used to determine the format. Valid
                                  extensions are: .csv (CSV file), .json (JSON),
                                  .db and .sqlite (SQLite database). REPORT_FILE
                                  may be a template string (see Templating
                                  System), for example, --report
                                  'export_{today.date}.csv' will write a CSV
                                  report file named with today's date. See also
                                  --append.
  --append                        If used with --report, add data to existing
                                  report file instead of overwriting it. See
                                  also --report.
  --cleanup                       Cleanup export directory by deleting any files
                                  which were not included in this export set.
                                  For example, photos which had previously been
                                  exported and were subsequently deleted in
                                  Photos. WARNING: --cleanup will delete *any*
                                  files in the export directory that were not
                                  exported by osxphotos, for example, your own
                                  scripts or other files.  Be sure this is what
                                  you intend before using --cleanup.  Use --dry-
                                  run with --cleanup first if you're not
                                  certain.
  --keep KEEP_PATH                When used with --cleanup, prevents file or
                                  directory KEEP_PATH from being deleted when
                                  cleanup is run. Use this if there are files in
                                  the export directory that you don't want to be
                                  deleted when --cleanup is run. KEEP_PATH may
                                  be a file path, e.g.
                                  '/Volumes/Photos/keep.jpg', or a file path and
                                  wild card, e.g. '/Volumes/Photos/*.txt', or a
                                  directory, e.g. '/Volumes/Photos/KeepMe'.
                                  KEEP_PATH may be an absolute path or a
                                  relative path. If it is relative, it must be
                                  relative to the export destination. For
                                  example if export destination is
                                  `/Volumes/Photos` and you want to keep all
                                  `.txt` files, you can specify `--keep
                                  "/Volumes/Photos/*.txt"` or `--keep "*.txt"`.
                                  If wild card is used, KEEP_PATH must be
                                  enclosed in quotes to prevent the shell from
                                  expanding the wildcard, e.g. `--keep
                                  "/Volumes/Photos/*.txt"`. If KEEP_PATH is a
                                  directory, all files and directories contained
                                  in KEEP_PATH will be kept. --keep may be
                                  repeated to keep additional files/directories.
  --add-exported-to-album ALBUM   Add all exported photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All exported photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos. This
                                  feature is currently experimental.  I don't
                                  know how well it will work on large export
                                  sets.
  --add-skipped-to-album ALBUM    Add all skipped photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All skipped photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos. This
                                  feature is currently experimental.  I don't
                                  know how well it will work on large export
                                  sets.
  --add-missing-to-album ALBUM    Add all missing photos to album ALBUM in
                                  Photos. Album ALBUM will be created if it
                                  doesn't exist.  All missing photos will be
                                  added to this album. This only works if the
                                  Photos library being exported is the last-
                                  opened (default) library in Photos. This
                                  feature is currently experimental.  I don't
                                  know how well it will work on large export
                                  sets.
  --post-command CATEGORY COMMAND
                                  Run COMMAND on exported files of category
                                  CATEGORY.  CATEGORY can be one of: exported,
                                  new, updated, skipped, missing, exif_updated,
                                  touched, converted_to_jpeg,
                                  sidecar_json_written, sidecar_json_skipped,
                                  sidecar_exiftool_written,
                                  sidecar_exiftool_skipped, sidecar_xmp_written,
                                  sidecar_xmp_skipped, error. COMMAND is an
                                  osxphotos template string, for example: '--
                                  post-command exported "echo
                                  {filepath|shell_quote} >>
                                  {export_dir}/exported.txt"', which appends the
                                  full path of all exported files to the file
                                  'exported.txt'. You can run more than one
                                  command by repeating the '--post-command'
                                  option with different arguments. See Post
                                  Command below.
  --post-function filename.py::function
                                  Run function on exported files. Use this in
                                  format: --post-function filename.py::function
                                  where filename.py is a python file you've
                                  created and function is the name of the
                                  function in the python file you want to call.
                                  The function will be passed information about
                                  the photo that's been exported and a list of
                                  all exported files associated with the photo.
                                  You can run more than one function by
                                  repeating the '--post-function' option with
                                  different arguments. See Post Function below.
  --exportdb EXPORTDB_FILE        Specify alternate path for database file which
                                  stores state information for export and
                                  --update. If --exportdb is not specified,
                                  export database will be saved to
                                  '.osxphotos_export.db' in the export
                                  directory.  If --exportdb is specified, it
                                  will be saved to the specified file.
  --ramdb                         Copy export database to memory during export;
                                  may improve performance when exporting over a
                                  network or slow disk but could result in
                                  losing update state information if the program
                                  is interrupted or crashes.
  --tmpdir DIR                    Specify alternate temporary directory. Default
                                  is system temporary directory. osxphotos needs
                                  to create a number of temporary files during
                                  export. In some cases, particularly if the
                                  Photos library is on an APFS volume that is
                                  not the system volume, osxphotos may run
                                  faster if you specify a temporary directory on
                                  the same volume as the Photos library.
  --alt-copy                      Use alternate copy method that may be more
                                  reliable for some network attached storage
                                  (NAS) devices. Use --alt-copy if you
                                  experience problems exporting to a NAS device
                                  or SMB volume. Unlike the default copy method,
                                  --alt-copy does not support copy-on-write on
                                  APFS volumes nor does it preserve filesystem
                                  metadata.
  --load-config CONFIG_FILE       Load options from file as written with --save-
                                  config. This allows you to save a complex
                                  export command to file for later reuse. For
                                  example: 'osxphotos export <lots of options
                                  here> --save-config osxphotos.toml' then
                                  'osxphotos export /path/to/export --load-
                                  config osxphotos.toml'. If any other command
                                  line options are used in conjunction with
                                  --load-config, they will override the
                                  corresponding values in the config file.
  --save-config CONFIG_FILE       Save options to file for use with --load-
                                  config. File format is TOML. See also
                                  --config-only.
  --config-only                   If specified, saves the config file but does
                                  not export any files; must be used with
                                  --save-config.
  --print TEMPLATE                Render TEMPLATE string for each photo being
                                  exported and print to stdout. TEMPLATE is an
                                  osxphotos template string. This may be useful
                                  for creating custom reports, etc. TEMPLATE
                                  will be printed after the photo is exported or
                                  skipped. May be repeated to print multiple
                                  template strings.
  --theme THEME                   Specify the color theme to use for output.
                                  Valid themes are 'dark', 'light', 'mono', and
                                  'plain'. Defaults to 'dark' or 'light'
                                  depending on system dark mode setting.
  -h, --help                      Show this message and exit.

                                    Export                                    

When exporting photos, osxphotos creates a database in the top-level export
folder called '.osxphotos_export.db'.  This database preserves state
information used for determining which files need to be updated when run with
--update.  It is recommended that if you later move the export folder tree you
also move the database file.

The --update option will only copy new or updated files from the library to
the export folder.  If a file is changed in the export folder (for example,
you edited the exported image), osxphotos will detect this as a difference and
re-export the original image from the library thus overwriting the changes.
If using --update, the exported library should be treated as a backup, not a
working copy where you intend to make changes. If you do edit or process the
exported files and do not want them to be overwritten withsubsequent --update,
use --ignore-signature which will match filename but not file signature when
exporting.

Note: The number of files reported for export and the number actually exported
may differ due to live photos, associated raw images, and edited photos which
are reported in the total photos exported.

Implementation note: To determine which files need to be updated, osxphotos
stores file signature information in the '.osxphotos_export.db' database. The
signature includes size, modification time, and filename.  In order to
minimize run time, --update does not do a full comparison (diff) of the files
nor does it compare hashes of the files.  In normal usage, this is sufficient
for updating the library. You can always run export without the --update
option to re-export the entire library thus rebuilding the
'.osxphotos_export.db' database.


                             Extended Attributes                              

    Some options (currently '--finder-tag-template', '--finder-tag-keywords',
    '-xattr-template') write     additional metadata accessible by Spotlight
    to facilitate searching.      For example, --finder-tag-keyword writes all
    keywords (including any specified by '--keyword-template'     or other
    options) to Finder tags that are searchable in Spotlight using the syntax:
    'tag:tagname'.     For example, if you have images with keyword "Travel"
    then using '--finder-tag-keywords' you could quickly     find those images
    in the Finder by typing 'tag:Travel' in the Spotlight search bar.
    Finder tags are written to the 'com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags'
    extended attribute.     Unlike EXIF metadata, extended attributes do not
    modify the actual file;     the metadata is written to extended attributes
    associated with the file and the Spotlight metadata database.      Most
    cloud storage services do not synch extended attributes.      Dropbox does
    sync them and any changes to a file's extended attributes     will cause
    Dropbox to re-sync the files.

    The following attributes may be used with '--xattr-template':


Attribute      Description
authors        kMDItemAuthors; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemAuthors; The
               author, or authors, of the contents of the file.; list of
               strings
comment        kMDItemComment; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemComment; A comment
               related to the file. This differs from the Finder comment,
               kMDItemFinderComment.; string
copyright      kMDItemCopyright; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemCopyright; The
               copyright owner of the file contents.; string
creator        kMDItemCreator; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemCreator;
               Application used to create the document content (for example
               "Word", "Pages", and so on).; string
description    kMDItemDescription; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDescription; A
               description of the content of the resource. The description
               may include an abstract, table of contents, reference to a
               graphical representation of content or a free-text account of
               the content.; string
findercomment  kMDItemFinderComment;
               com.apple.metadata:kMDItemFinderComment; Finder comments for
               this file.; string
headline       kMDItemHeadline; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemHeadline; A
               publishable entry providing a synopsis of the contents of the
               file. For example, "Apple Introduces the iPod Photo".; string
participants   kMDItemParticipants; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemParticipants;
               The list of people who are visible in an image or movie or
               written about in a document.; list of strings
projects       kMDItemProjects; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemProjects; The list
               of projects that this file is part of. For example, if you
               were working on a movie all of the files could be marked as
               belonging to the project "My Movie".; list of strings
starrating     kMDItemStarRating; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemStarRating; User
               rating of this item. For example, the stars rating of an
               iTunes track.; number
subject        kMDItemSubject; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemSubject; Subject of
               the this item.; string
title          kMDItemTitle; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemTitle; The title of
               the file. For example, this could be the title of a document,
               the name of a song, or the subject of an email message.;
               string
version        kMDItemVersion; com.apple.metadata:kMDItemVersion; The
               version number of this file.; string

For additional information on extended attributes see: https://developer.apple
.com/documentation/coreservices/file_metadata/mditem/common_metadata_attribute
_keys


                              Templating System                               

The templating system converts one or template statements, written in         
osxphotos metadata templating language, to one or more rendered values using  
information from the photo being processed.                                   

In its simplest form, a template statement has the form: "{template_field}",  
for example "{title}" which would resolve to the title of the photo.          

Template statements may contain one or more modifiers.  The full syntax is:   

"pretext{delim+template_field:subfield(field_arg)|filter[find,replace]        
conditional?bool_value,default}posttext"                                      

Template statements are white-space sensitive meaning that white space        
(spaces, tabs) changes the meaning of the template statement.                 

pretext and posttext are free form text.  For example, if a photo has title   
"My Photo Title" the template statement "The title of the photo is {title}",  
resolves to "The title of the photo is My Photo Title".  The pretext in this  
example is "The title if the photo is " and the template_field is {title}.    

delim: optional delimiter string to use when expanding multi-valued template  
values in-place                                                               

+: If present before template name, expands the template in place.  If delim  
not provided, values are joined with no delimiter.                            

e.g. if Photo keywords are ["foo","bar"]:                                     

 • "{keyword}" renders to "foo", "bar"                                        
 • "{,+keyword}" renders to: "foo,bar"                                        
 • "{; +keyword}" renders to: "foo; bar"                                      
 • "{+keyword}" renders to "foobar"                                           

template_field: The template field to resolve.  See Template Substitutions for
full list of template fields.                                                 

:subfield: Some templates have sub-fields, For example, {exiftool:IPTC:Make}; 
the template_field is exiftool and the sub-field is IPTC:Make.                

(field_arg): optional arguments to pass to the field; for example, with       
{folder_album} this is used to pass the path separator used for joining       
folders and albums when rendering the field (default is "/" for               
{folder_album}).                                                              

|filter: You may optionally append one or more filter commands to the end of  
the template field using the vertical pipe ('|') symbol.  Filters may be      
combined, separated by '|' as in: {keyword|capitalize|parens}.                

Valid filters are:                                                            

 • lower: Convert value to lower case, e.g. 'Value' => 'value'.               
 • upper: Convert value to upper case, e.g. 'Value' => 'VALUE'.               
 • strip: Strip whitespace from beginning/end of value, e.g. ' Value ' =>     
   'Value'.                                                                   
 • titlecase: Convert value to title case, e.g. 'my value' => 'My Value'.     
 • capitalize: Capitalize first word of value and convert other words to lower
   case, e.g. 'MY VALUE' => 'My value'.                                       
 • braces: Enclose value in curly braces, e.g. 'value => '{value}'.           
 • parens: Enclose value in parentheses, e.g. 'value' => '(value')            
 • brackets: Enclose value in brackets, e.g. 'value' => '[value]'             
 • shell_quote: Quotes the value for safe usage in the shell, e.g. My         
   file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only adds quotes if needed.                   
 • function: Run custom python function to filter value; use in format        
   'function:/path/to/file.py::function_name'. See example at                 
   https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/template_filter
   .py                                                                        
 • split(x): Split value into a list of values using x as delimiter, e.g.     
   'value1;value2' => ['value1', 'value2'] if used with split(;).             
 • autosplit: Automatically split delimited string into separate values; will 
   split strings delimited by comma, semicolon, or space, e.g. 'value1,value2'
   => ['value1', 'value2'].                                                   
 • chop(x): Remove x characters off the end of value, e.g. chop(1): 'Value' =>
   'Valu'; when applied to a list, chops characters from each list value, e.g.
   chop(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['trave', 'beac'].                          
 • chomp(x): Remove x characters from the beginning of value, e.g. chomp(1):  
   ['Value'] => ['alue']; when applied to a list, removes characters from each
   list value, e.g. chomp(1): ['travel', 'beach']=> ['ravel', 'each'].        
 • sort: Sort list of values, e.g. ['c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'].        
 • rsort: Sort list of values in reverse order, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c', 
   'b', 'a'].                                                                 
 • reverse: Reverse order of values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['c', 'b', 'a']. 
 • uniq: Remove duplicate values, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'a'] => ['a', 'b',
   'c'].                                                                      
 • join(x): Join list of values with delimiter x, e.g. join(,): ['a', 'b',    
   'c'] => 'a,b,c'; the DELIM option functions similar to join(x) but with    
   DELIM, the join happens before being passed to any filters.May optionally  
   be used without an argument, that is 'join()' which joins values together  
   with no delimiter. e.g. join(): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => 'abc'.                  
 • append(x): Append x to list of values, e.g. append(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] =>  
   ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].                                                      
 • prepend(x): Prepend x to list of values, e.g. prepend(d): ['a', 'b', 'c']  
   => ['d', 'a', 'b', 'c'].                                                   
 • appends(x): Append s[tring] Append x to each value of list of values, e.g. 
   appends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['ad', 'bd', 'cd'].                         
 • prepends(x): Prepend s[tring] x to each value of list of values, e.g.      
   prepends(d): ['a', 'b', 'c'] => ['da', 'db', 'dc'].                        
 • remove(x): Remove x from list of values, e.g. remove(b): ['a', 'b', 'c'] =>
   ['a', 'c'].                                                                
 • slice(start:stop:step): Slice list using same semantics as Python's list   
   slicing, e.g. slice(1:3): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'c']; slice(1:4:2):
   ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['b', 'd']; slice(1:): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] =>     
   ['b', 'c', 'd']; slice(:-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['a', 'b', 'c'];      
   slice(::-1): ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] => ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']. See also        
   sslice().                                                                  
 • sslice(start:stop:step): [s(tring) slice] Slice values in a list using same
   semantics as Python's string slicing, e.g. sslice(1:3):'abcd => 'bc';      
   sslice(1:4:2): 'abcd' => 'bd', etc. See also slice().                      
 • filter(x): Filter list of values using predicate x; for example,           
   {folder_album|filter(contains Events)} returns only folders/albums         
   containing the word 'Events' in their path.                                
 • int: Convert values in list to integer, e.g. 1.0 => 1. If value cannot be  
   converted to integer, remove value from list. ['1.1', 'x'] => ['1']. See   
   also float.                                                                
 • float: Convert values in list to floating point number, e.g. 1 => 1.0. If  
   value cannot be converted to float, remove value from list. ['1', 'x'] =>  
   ['1.0']. See also int.                                                     

e.g. if Photo keywords are ["FOO","bar"]:                                     

 • "{keyword|lower}" renders to "foo", "bar"                                  
 • "{keyword|upper}" renders to: "FOO", "BAR"                                 
 • "{keyword|capitalize}" renders to: "Foo", "Bar"                            
 • "{keyword|lower|parens}" renders to: "(foo)", "(bar)"                      

e.g. if Photo description is "my description":                                

 • "{descr|titlecase}" renders to: "My Description"                           

e.g. If Photo is in Album1 in Folder1:                                        

 • "{folder_album}" renders to ["Folder1/Album1"]                             
 • "{folder_album(>)}" renders to ["Folder1>Album1"]                          
 • "{folder_album()}" renders to ["Folder1Album1"]                            

[find,replace]: optional text replacement to perform on rendered template     
value.  For example, to replace "/" in an album name, you could use the       
template "{album[/,-]}".  Multiple replacements can be made by appending "|"  
and adding another find|replace pair.  e.g. to replace both "/" and ":" in    
album name: "{album[/,-|:,-]}".  find/replace pairs are not limited to single 
characters.  The "|" character cannot be used in a find/replace pair.         

conditional: optional conditional expression that is evaluated as boolean     
(True/False) for use with the ?bool_value modifier.  Conditional expressions  
take the form 'not operator value' where not is an optional modifier that     
negates the operator.  Note: the space before the conditional expression is   
required if you use a conditional expression.  Valid comparison operators are:

 • contains: template field contains value, similar to python's in            
 • matches: template field contains exactly value, unlike contains: does not  
   match partial matches                                                      
 • startswith: template field starts with value                               
 • endswith: template field ends with value                                   
 • <=: template field is less than or equal to value                          
 • >=: template field is greater than or equal to value                       
 • <: template field is less than value                                       
 • >: template field is greater than value                                    
 • ==: template field equals value                                            
 • !=: template field does not equal value                                    

The value part of the conditional expression is treated as a bare (unquoted)  
word/phrase.  Multiple values may be separated by '|' (the pipe symbol).      
value is itself a template statement so you can use one or more template      
fields in value which will be resolved before the comparison occurs.          

For example:                                                                  

 • {keyword matches Beach} resolves to True if 'Beach' is a keyword. It would 
   not match keyword 'BeachDay'.                                              
 • {keyword contains Beach} resolves to True if any keyword contains the word 
   'Beach' so it would match both 'Beach' and 'BeachDay'.                     
 • {photo.score.overall > 0.7} resolves to True if the photo's overall        
   aesthetic score is greater than 0.7.                                       
 • {keyword|lower contains beach} uses the lower case filter to do            
   case-insensitive matching to match any keyword that contains the word      
   'beach'.                                                                   
 • {keyword|lower not contains beach} uses the not modifier to negate the     
   comparison so this resolves to True if there is no keyword that matches    
   'beach'.                                                                   

Examples: to export photos that contain certain keywords with the osxphotos   
export command's --directory option:                                          

--directory "{keyword|lower matches                                           
travel|vacation?Travel-Photos,Not-Travel-Photos}"                             

This exports any photo that has keywords 'travel' or 'vacation' into a        
directory 'Travel-Photos' and all other photos into directory                 
'Not-Travel-Photos'.                                                          

This can be used to rename files as well, for example: --filename             
"{favorite?Favorite-{original_name},{original_name}}"                         

This renames any photo that is a favorite as 'Favorite-ImageName.jpg' (where  
'ImageName.jpg' is the original name of the photo) and all other photos with  
the unmodified original name.                                                 

?bool_value: Template fields may be evaluated as boolean (True/False) by      
appending "?" after the field name (and following "(field_arg)" or            
"[find/replace]".  If a field is True (e.g. photo is HDR and field is "{hdr}")
or has any value, the value following the "?" will be used to render the      
template instead of the actual field value.  If the template field evaluates  
to False (e.g. in above example, photo is not HDR) or has no value (e.g. photo
has no title and field is "{title}") then the default value following a ","   
will be used.                                                                 

e.g. if photo is an HDR image,                                                

 • "{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}" renders to "ISHDR"                                    

and if it is not an HDR image,                                                

 • "{hdr?ISHDR,NOTHDR}" renders to "NOTHDR"                                   

,default: optional default value to use if the template name has no value.    
This modifier is also used for the value if False for boolean-type fields (see
above) as well as to hold a sub-template for values like {created.strftime}.  
If no default value provided, "_" is used.                                    

e.g., if photo has no title set,                                              

 • "{title}" renders to "_"                                                   
 • "{title,I have no title}" renders to "I have no title"                     

Template fields such as created.strftime use the default value to pass the    
template to use for strftime.                                                 

e.g., if photo date is 4 February 2020, 19:07:38,                             

 • "{created.strftime,%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S}" renders to "2020-02-04-190738"        

Some template fields such as "{media_type}" use the default value to allow    
customization of the output. For example, "{media_type}" resolves to the      
special media type of the photo such as panorama or selfie.  You may use the  
default value to override these in form:                                      
"{media_type,video=vidéo;time_lapse=vidéo_accélérée}". In this example, if    
photo was a time_lapse photo, media_type would resolve to vidéo_accélérée     
instead of time_lapse.                                                        

Either or both bool_value or default (False value) may be empty which would   
result in empty string "" when rendered.                                      

If you want to include "{" or "}" in the output, use "{openbrace}" or         
"{closebrace}" template substitution.                                         

e.g. "{created.year}/{openbrace}{title}{closebrace}" would result in          
"2020/{Photo Title}".                                                         

Variables                                                                     

You can define variables for later use in the template string using the format
{var:NAME,VALUE}.  Variables may then be referenced using the format %NAME.   
For example: {var:foo,bar} defines the variable %foo to have value bar. This  
can be useful if you want to re-use a complex template value in multiple      
places within your template string or for allowing the use of characters that 
would otherwise be prohibited in a template string. For example, the "pipe"   
(|) character is not allowed in a find/replace pair but you can get around    
this limitation like so: {var:pipe,{pipe}}{title[-,%pipe]} which replaces the 
- character with | (the value of %pipe).                                      

Variables can also be referenced as fields in the template string, for        
example: {var:year,created.year}{original_name}-{%year}. In some cases, use of
variables can make your template string more readable.  Variables can be used 
as template fields, as values for filters, as values for conditional          
operations, or as default values.  When used as a conditional value or default
value, variables should be treated like any other field and enclosed in braces
as conditional and default values are evaluated as template strings. For      
example: {var:name,Katie}{person contains {%name}?{%name},Not-{%name}}.       

If you need to use a % (percent sign character), you can escape the percent   
sign by using %%.  You can also use the {percent} template field where a      
template field is required. For example:                                      

{title[:,%%]} replaces the : with % and {title contains                       
Foo?{title}{percent},{title}} adds % to the  title if it contains Foo.        

With the --directory and --filename options you may specify a template for the
export directory or filename, respectively. The directory will be appended to
the export path specified in the export DEST argument to export.  For example,
if template is '{created.year}/{created.month}', and export destination DEST
is '/Users/maria/Pictures/export', the actual export directory for a photo
would be '/Users/maria/Pictures/export/2020/March' if the photo was created in
March 2020.

The templating system may also be used with the --keyword-template option to
set keywords on export (with --exiftool or --sidecar), for example, to set a
new keyword in format 'folder/subfolder/album' to preserve the folder/album
structure, you can use --keyword-template "{folder_album}" or in the
'folder>subfolder>album' format used in Lightroom Classic, --keyword-template
"{folder_album(>)}".

In the template, valid template substitutions will be replaced by the
corresponding value from the table below.  Invalid substitutions will result
in a an error and the script will abort.


                            Template Substitutions                            

Substitution                    Description
{name}                          Current filename of the photo
{original_name}                 Photo's original filename when imported to
                                Photos
{title}                         Title of the photo
{descr}                         Description of the photo
{media_type}                    Special media type resolved in this
                                precedence: selfie, time_lapse, panorama,
                                slow_mo, screenshot, portrait, live_photo,
                                burst, photo, video. Defaults to 'photo' or
                                'video' if no special type. Customize one or
                                more media types using format: '{media_type,
                                video=vidéo;time_lapse=vidéo_accélérée}'
{photo_or_video}                'photo' or 'video' depending on what type
                                the image is. To customize, use default
                                value as in
                                '{photo_or_video,photo=fotos;video=videos}'
{hdr}                           Photo is HDR?; True/False value, use in
                                format '{hdr?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{edited}                        True if photo has been edited (has
                                adjustments), otherwise False; use in format
                                '{edited?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{edited_version}                True if template is being rendered for the
                                edited version of a photo, otherwise False.
{favorite}                      Photo has been marked as favorite?;
                                True/False value, use in format
                                '{favorite?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}'
{created}                       Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{created.date}                  Photo's creation date in ISO format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{created.year}                  4-digit year of photo creation time
{created.yy}                    2-digit year of photo creation time
{created.mm}                    2-digit month of the photo creation time
                                (zero padded)
{created.month}                 Month name in user's locale of the photo
                                creation time
{created.mon}                   Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the photo creation time
{created.dd}                    2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                photo creation time
{created.dow}                   Day of week in user's locale of the photo
                                creation time
{created.doy}                   3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                photo creation time, starting from 1 (zero
                                padded)
{created.hour}                  2-digit hour of the photo creation time
{created.min}                   2-digit minute of the photo creation time
{created.sec}                   2-digit second of the photo creation time
{created.strftime}              Apply strftime template to file creation
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {created.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE
                                is a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {created.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in
                                year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used
                                with no template will return null value. See
                                https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime
                                templates.
{modified}                      Photo's modification date in ISO format,
                                e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.date}                 Photo's modification date in ISO format,
                                e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.year}                 4-digit year of photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.yy}                   2-digit year of photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.mm}                   2-digit month of the photo modification time
                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
                                is not modified
{modified.month}                Month name in user's locale of the photo
                                modification time; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.mon}                  Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the photo modification time; uses creation
                                date if photo is not modified
{modified.dd}                   2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                the photo modification time; uses creation
                                date if photo is not modified
{modified.dow}                  Day of week in user's locale of the photo
                                modification time; uses creation date if
                                photo is not modified
{modified.doy}                  3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                photo modification time, starting from 1
                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
                                is not modified
{modified.hour}                 2-digit hour of the photo modification time;
                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
{modified.min}                  2-digit minute of the photo modification
                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
                                modified
{modified.sec}                  2-digit second of the photo modification
                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
                                modified
{modified.strftime}             Apply strftime template to file modification
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {modified.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE
                                is a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {modified.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in
                                year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used
                                with no template will return null value.
                                Uses creation date if photo is not modified.
                                See https://strftime.org/ for help on
                                strftime templates.
{today}                         Current date in iso format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{today.date}                    Current date in iso format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
{today.year}                    4-digit year of current date
{today.yy}                      2-digit year of current date
{today.mm}                      2-digit month of the current date (zero
                                padded)
{today.month}                   Month name in user's locale of the current
                                date
{today.mon}                     Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
                                the current date
{today.dd}                      2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
                                current date
{today.dow}                     Day of week in user's locale of the current
                                date
{today.doy}                     3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                current date, starting from 1 (zero padded)
{today.hour}                    2-digit hour of the current date
{today.min}                     2-digit minute of the current date
{today.sec}                     2-digit second of the current date
{today.strftime}                Apply strftime template to current
                                date/time. Should be used in form
                                {today.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is
                                a valid strftime template, e.g.
                                {today.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-
                                week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with
                                no template will return null value. See
                                https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime
                                templates.
{place.name}                    Place name from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data, as displayed in Photos
{place.country_code}            The ISO country code from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.country}            Country name from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data
{place.name.state_province}     State or province name from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.city}               City or locality name from the photo's
                                reverse geolocation data
{place.name.area_of_interest}   Area of interest name (e.g. landmark or
                                public place) from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data
{place.address}                 Postal address from the photo's reverse
                                geolocation data, e.g. '2007 18th St NW,
                                Washington, DC 20009, United States'
{place.address.street}          Street part of the postal address, e.g.
                                '2007 18th St NW'
{place.address.city}            City part of the postal address, e.g.
                                'Washington'
{place.address.state_province}  State/province part of the postal address,
                                e.g. 'DC'
{place.address.postal_code}     Postal code part of the postal address, e.g.
                                '20009'
{place.address.country}         Country name of the postal address, e.g.
                                'United States'
{place.address.country_code}    ISO country code of the postal address, e.g.
                                'US'
{searchinfo.season}             Season of the year associated with a photo,
                                e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                                automatically by Photos' image
                                categorization algorithms).
{exif.camera_make}              Camera make from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'Apple'
{exif.camera_model}             Camera model from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'iPhone 6s'
{exif.lens_model}               Lens model from original photo's EXIF
                                information as imported by Photos, e.g.
                                'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'
{moment}                        The moment title of the photo
{uuid}                          Photo's internal universally unique
                                identifier (UUID) for the photo, a
                                36-character string unique to the photo,
                                e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'
{shortuuid}                     A shorter representation of photo's internal
                                universally unique identifier (UUID) for the
                                photo, a 22-character string unique to the
                                photo, e.g. 'JYsxugP9UjetmCbBCHXcmu'
{id}                            A unique number for the photo based on its
                                primary key in the Photos database. A
                                sequential integer, e.g. 1, 2, 3...etc.
                                Each asset associated with a photo (e.g. an
                                image and Live Photo preview) will share the
                                same id. May be formatted using a python
                                string format code. For example, to format
                                as a 5-digit integer and pad with zeros, use
                                '{id:05d}' which results in 00001, 00002,
                                00003...etc.
{counter}                       A sequential counter, starting at 0, that
                                increments each time it is evaluated.To
                                start counting at a value other than 0,
                                append append '(starting_value)' to the
                                field name.For example, to start counting at
                                1 instead of 0: '{counter(1)}'.May be
                                formatted using a python string format
                                code.For example, to format as a 5-digit
                                integer and pad with zeros, use
                                '{counter:05d(1)}'which results in 00001,
                                00002, 00003...etc.You may also specify a
                                stop value which causes the counter to reset
                                to the starting valuewhen the stop value is
                                reached and a step size which causes the
                                counter to increment bythe specified value
                                instead of 1. Use the format
                                '{counter(start,stop,step)}' where
                                start,stop, and step are integers. For
                                example, to count from 1 to 10 by 2, use
                                '{counter(1,11,2)}'.Note that the counter
                                stops counting when the stop value is
                                reached and does not return thestop value.
                                Start, stop, and step are optional and may
                                be omitted. For example, to countfrom 0 by
                                2s, use '{counter(,,2)}'.You may create an
                                arbitrary number of counters by appending a
                                unique name to the field namepreceded by a
                                period: '{counter.a}', '{counter.b}', etc.
                                Each counter will have its own stateand will
                                start at 0 and increment by 1 unless
                                otherwise specified. Note: {counter} is not
                                suitable for use with 'export' and '--
                                update' as the counter associated with a
                                photo may change between export sessions.
                                See also {id}.
{album_seq}                     An integer, starting at 0, indicating the
                                photo's index (sequence) in the containing
                                album. Only valid when used in a '--
                                filename' template and only when '{album}'
                                or '{folder_album}' is used in the '--
                                directory' template. For example '--
                                directory "{folder_album}" --filename
                                "{album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To start
                                counting at a value other than 0, append
                                append '(starting_value)' to the field name.
                                For example, to start counting at 1 instead
                                of 0: '{album_seq(1)}'. May be formatted
                                using a python string format code. For
                                example, to format as a 5-digit integer and
                                pad with zeros, use '{album_seq:05d}' which
                                results in 00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To
                                format while also using a starting value:
                                '{album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in 0001,
                                00002...etc.This may result in incorrect
                                sequences if you have duplicate albums with
                                the same name; see also
                                '{folder_album_seq}'.
{folder_album_seq}              An integer, starting at 0, indicating the
                                photo's index (sequence) in the containing
                                album and folder path. Only valid when used
                                in a '--filename' template and only when
                                '{folder_album}' is used in the '--
                                directory' template. For example '--
                                directory "{folder_album}" --filename
                                "{folder_album_seq}_{original_name}"'. To
                                start counting at a value other than 0,
                                append '(starting_value)' to the field name.
                                For example, to start counting at 1 instead
                                of 0: '{folder_album_seq(1)}' May be
                                formatted using a python string format code.
                                For example, to format as a 5-digit integer
                                and pad with zeros, use
                                '{folder_album_seq:05d}' which results in
                                00000, 00001, 00002...etc. To format while
                                also using a starting value:
                                '{folder_album_seq:05d(1)}' which results in
                                0001, 00002...etc.This may result in
                                incorrect sequences if you have duplicate
                                albums with the same name in the same
                                folder; see also '{album_seq}'.
{comma}                         A comma: ','
{semicolon}                     A semicolon: ';'
{questionmark}                  A question mark: '?'
{pipe}                          A vertical pipe: '|'
{openbrace}                     An open brace: '{'
{closebrace}                    A close brace: '}'
{openparens}                    An open parentheses: '('
{closeparens}                   A close parentheses: ')'
{openbracket}                   An open bracket: '['
{closebracket}                  A close bracket: ']'
{newline}                       A newline: '\n'
{lf}                            A line feed: '\n', alias for {newline}
{cr}                            A carriage return: '\r'
{crlf}                          A carriage return + line feed: '\r\n'
{tab}                           :A tab: '\t'
{osxphotos_version}             The osxphotos version, e.g. '0.60.4'
{osxphotos_cmd_line}            The full command line used to run osxphotos

The following substitutions may result in multiple values. Thus if specified
for --directory these could result in multiple copies of a photo being being
exported, one to each directory.  For example: --directory
'{created.year}/{album}' could result in the same photo being exported to each
of the following directories if the photos were created in 2019 and were in
albums 'Vacation' and 'Family': 2019/Vacation, 2019/Family

Substitution             Description
{album}                  Album(s) photo is contained in
{folder_album}           Folder path + album photo is contained in. e.g.
                         'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no
                         enclosing folder
{project}                Project(s) photo is contained in (such as greeting
                         cards, calendars, slideshows)
{album_project}          Album(s) and project(s) photo is contained in;
                         treats projects as regular albums
{folder_album_project}   Folder path + album (includes projects as albums)
                         photo is contained in. e.g.
                         'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no
                         enclosing folder
{keyword}                Keyword(s) assigned to photo
{person}                 Person(s) / face(s) in a photo
{label}                  Image categorization label associated with a photo
                         (Photos 5+ only). Labels are added automatically by
                         Photos using machine learning algorithms to
                         categorize images. These are not the same as
                         {keyword} which refers to the user-defined
                         keywords/tags applied in Photos.
{label_normalized}       All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)
{comment}                Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person
                         name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)
{exiftool}               Format: '{exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}'; use exiftool
                         (https://exiftool.org) to extract metadata, in form
                         GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  E.g.
                         '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or
                         {exiftool:IPTC:Keywords} to extract keywords. See
                         https://exiftool.org/TagNames/ for list of valid
                         tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF,
                         IPTC, etc) as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must
                         be installed in the path to use this template.
{searchinfo.holiday}     Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g.
                         'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                         automatically by Photos' image categorization
                         algorithms).
{searchinfo.activity}    Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting
                         Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by
                         Photos' image categorization algorithms).
{searchinfo.venue}       Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of
                         restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically
                         by Photos' image categorization algorithms).
{searchinfo.venue_type}  Venue types associated with a photo, e.g.
                         'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
                         automatically by Photos' image categorization
                         algorithms).
{photo}                  Provides direct access to the PhotoInfo object for
                         the photo. Must be used in format
                         '{photo.property}' where 'property' represents a
                         PhotoInfo property. For example: '{photo.favorite}'
                         is the same as '{favorite}' and
                         '{photo.place.name}' is the same as '{place.name}'.
                         '{photo}' provides access to properties that are
                         not available as separate template fields but it
                         assumes some knowledge of the underlying PhotoInfo
                         class.  See https://rhettbull.github.io/osxphotos/
                         for additional documentation on the PhotoInfo
                         class.
{detected_text}          List of text strings found in the image after
                         performing text detection. Using '{detected_text}'
                         will cause osxphotos to perform text detection on
                         your photos using the built-in macOS text detection
                         algorithms which will slow down your export. The
                         results for each photo will be cached in the export
                         database so that future exports with '--update' do
                         not need to reprocess each photo. You may pass a
                         confidence threshold value between 0.0 and 1.0
                         after a colon as in '{detected_text:0.5}'; The
                         default confidence threshold is 0.75.
                         '{detected_text}' works only on macOS Catalina
                         (10.15) or later. Note: this feature is not the
                         same thing as Live Text in macOS Monterey, which
                         osxphotos does not yet support.
{shell_quote}            Use in form '{shell_quote,TEMPLATE}'; quotes the
                         rendered TEMPLATE value(s) for safe usage in the
                         shell, e.g. My file.jpeg => 'My file.jpeg'; only
                         adds quotes if needed.
{strip}                  Use in form '{strip,TEMPLATE}'; strips whitespace
                         from begining and end of rendered TEMPLATE
                         value(s).
{format}                 Use in form, '{format:TYPE:FORMAT,TEMPLATE}';
                         converts TEMPLATE value to TYPE then formats the
                         value using Python string formatting codes
                         specified by FORMAT; TYPE is one of: 'int',
                         'float', or 'str'. For example,
                         '{format:float:.1f,{exiftool:EXIF:FocalLength}}'
                         will format focal length to 1 decimal place (e.g.
                         '100.0').
{function}               Execute a python function from an external file and
                         use return value as template substitution. Use in
                         format: {function:file.py::function_name} where
                         'file.py' is the name of the python file and
                         'function_name' is the name of the function to
                         call. The function will be passed the PhotoInfo
                         object for the photo. See https://github.com/RhetTb
                         ull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/template_functio
                         n.py for an example of how to implement a template
                         function.

The following substitutions are file or directory paths. You can access
various parts of the path using the following modifiers:

{path.parent}: the parent directory
{path.name}: the name of the file or final sub-directory
{path.stem}: the name of the file without the extension
{path.suffix}: the suffix of the file including the leading '.'

For example, if the field {export_dir} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos':
{export_dir.parent} is '/Shared/Backup'

If the field {filepath} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos/IMG_1234.JPG':
{filepath.parent} is '/Shared/Backup/Photos'
{filepath.name} is 'IMG_1234.JPG'
{filepath.stem} is 'IMG_1234'
{filepath.suffix} is '.JPG'

Substitution  Description
{export_dir}  The full path to the export directory
{filepath}    The full path to the exported file


                                 Post Command                                 

You can run commands on the exported photos for post-processing using the '--
post-command' option. '--post-command' is passed a CATEGORY and a COMMAND.
COMMAND is an osxphotos template string which will be rendered and passed to
the shell for execution. CATEGORY is the category of file to pass to COMMAND.
The following categories are available:

Category                  Description
exported                  All exported files
new                       When used with '--update', all newly exported
                          files
updated                   When used with '--update', all files which were
                          previously exported but updated this time
skipped                   When used with '--update', all files which were
                          skipped (because they were previously exported and
                          didn't change)
missing                   All files which were not exported because they
                          were missing from the Photos library
exif_updated              When used with '--exiftool', all files on which
                          exiftool updated the metadata
touched                   When used with '--touch-file', all files where the
                          date was touched
converted_to_jpeg         When used with '--convert-to-jpeg', all files
                          which were converted to jpeg
sidecar_json_written      When used with '--sidecar json', all JSON sidecar
                          files which were written
sidecar_json_skipped      When used with '--sidecar json' and '--update',
                          all JSON sidecar files which were skipped
sidecar_exiftool_written  When used with '--sidecar exiftool', all exiftool
                          sidecar files which were written
sidecar_exiftool_skipped  When used with '--sidecar exiftool' and '--update,
                          all exiftool sidecar files which were skipped
sidecar_xmp_written       When used with '--sidecar xmp', all XMP sidecar
                          files which were written
sidecar_xmp_skipped       When used with '--sidecar xmp' and '--update', all
                          XMP sidecar files which were skipped
error                     All files which produced an error during export

In addition to all normal template fields, the template fields '{filepath}'
and '{export_dir}' will be available to your command template. Both of these
are path-type templates which means their various parts can be accessed using
the available properties, e.g. '{filepath.name}' provides just the file name
without path and '{filepath.suffix}' is the file extension (suffix) of the
file. When using paths in your command template, it is important to properly
quote the paths as they will be passed to the shell and path names may contain
spaces. Both the '{shell_quote}' template and the '|shell_quote' template
filter are available for this purpose.  For example, the following command
outputs the full path of newly exported files to file 'new.txt':

--post-command new "echo {filepath|shell_quote} >> {shell_quote,{export_dir}/exported.txt}"

In the above command, the 'shell_quote' filter is used to ensure '{filepath}'
is properly quoted and the '{shell_quote}' template ensures the constructed
path of '{exported_dir}/exported.txt' is properly quoted. If '{filepath}' is
'IMG 1234.jpeg' and '{export_dir}' is '/Volumes/Photo Export', the command
thus renders to:

echo 'IMG 1234.jpeg' >> '/Volumes/Photo Export/exported.txt'

It is highly recommended that you run osxphotos with '--dry-run --verbose'
first to ensure your commands are as expected. This will not actually run the
commands but will print out the exact command string which would be executed.


                                Post Function                                 

You can run your own python functions on the exported photos for post-
processing using the '--post-function' option. '--post-function' is passed the
name a python file and the name of the function in the file to call using
format 'filename.py::function_name'. See the example function at
https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/blob/master/examples/post_function.py
You may specify multiple functions to run by repeating the --post-function
option. All post functions will be called immediately after export of each
photo and immediately before any --post-command commands. Post functions will
not be called if the --dry-run flag is set.