OpenVPN 3

OpenVPN 3 is a C++ class library that implements the functionality of an OpenVPN client, and is protocol-compatible with the OpenVPN 2.x branch.

OpenVPN 3 includes a minimal client wrapper (cli) that links in with the library and provides basic command line functionality.

OpenVPN 3 is currently used in production as the core of the OpenVPN Connect clients for iOS, Android, Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.

NOTE: OpenVPN 3 does not currently implement server functionality.

OpenVPN 3 Client API

OpenVPN 3 is organized as a C++ class library, and the API is defined in client/ovpncli.hpp.

A simple command-line wrapper for the API is provided in test/ovpncli/cli.cpp.

Building the OpenVPN 3 client on Linux

These instructions were tested on Ubuntu 20.

Prepare directory structure:

$ sudo apt install g++ make libmbedtls-dev libssl-dev liblz4-dev cmake
$ export O3=~/O3 && mkdir $O3
$ export DEP_DIR=$O3/deps && mkdir $DEP_DIR
$ export DL=$O3/dl && mkdir $DL

Clone the OpenVPN 3 source repo:

$ cd $O3
$ git clone https://github.com/OpenVPN/openvpn3.git core

Build dependencies:

$ cd core/scripts/linux/
$ ./build-all

Build the OpenVPN 3 client wrapper (cli) with OpenSSL library:

$ cd $O3/core && mkdir build && cd build
$ cmake ..
$ cmake --build .

To use mbed TLS, use:

$ cmake -DUSE_MBEDTLS=on ..

Run OpenVPN 3 client:

$ sudo test/ovpncli/ovpncli myprofile.ovpn route-nopull

Options used:

• myprofile.ovpn : OpenVPN config file (must have .ovpn extension)
• route-nopull : if you are connected via ssh, prevent ssh session lockout

Using cli with ovpn-dco

ovpn-dco is a kernel module which optimises data channel encryption and transport, providing better performance. The cli will detect when the kernel module is available and enable dco automatically (use --no-dco to disable this).

Download, build and install ovpn-dco:

$ cd $O3
$ git clone https://github.com/OpenVPN/ovpn-dco.git
$ cd ovpn-dco
$ make && sudo make install
$ sudo modprobe ovpn-dco

Install core dependencies:

$ sudo apt install pkg-config libnl-genl-3-dev

Build cli with ovpn-dco support:

$ cd $O3/core/build
$ cmake -DCLI_OVPNDCO=on .. && make
$ sudo test/ovpncli/ovpncli [--no-dco] myprofile.ovpn

Options:

• myprofile.ovpn : OpenVPN config file (must have .ovpn extension)
• --no-dco : disable data channel offload (optional)

Building the OpenVPN 3 client on macOS

OpenVPN 3 should be built in a non-root macOS account. Make sure that Xcode is installed with optional command-line tools.

Create the directory ~/src:

$ mkdir -p ~/src

Clone the OpenVPN 3 repo:

$ cd ~/src
$ git clone https://github.com/OpenVPN/openvpn3.git openvpn3

Install the dependencies:

Ensure that [homebrew](https://brew.sh/) is set up.

$  brew install asio cmake jsoncpp lz4 openssl pkg-config xxhash

Now build the OpenVPN 3 client executable:

On a ARM64 based Mac:

$ cd ~/src/
$ mkdir build-openvpn3
$ cd build-openvpn3
$ cmake -DOPENSSL_ROOT_DIR=/opt/homebrew/opt/openssl -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/opt/homebrew ~/src/openvpn3
$ cmake --build .

For a build on a Intel based Mac:

$ cd ~/src/
$ mkdir build-openvpn3
$ cd build-openvpn3
$ cmake -DOPENSSL_ROOT_DIR=/usr/local/opt/openssl -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/usr/local/opt ~/src/openvpn3
$ cmake --build .

This will build the OpenVPN 3 client library with a small client wrapper (ovpncli) and the unit tests.

These build scripts will create binaries with the same architecture as the host it is running on. The Mac OS X tuntap driver is not required, as OpenVPN 3 can use the integrated utun interface if available.

To view the client wrapper options:

$ ./test/ovpncli/ovpncli -h

To connect:

$ ./test/ovpncli/ovpncli client.ovpn

Building the OpenVPN 3 client for Windows

Building with Visual Studio

Prerequisites:

• Visual Studio 2019 or 2022
• CMake
• vcpkg
• git

> git clone https://github.com/OpenVPN/openvpn3.git core && cd core
> set VCPKG_ROOT=<path to vcpkg checkout>
> cmake --preset win-amd64-release
> cmake --build --preset win-amd64-release --target ovpncli

Building with MinGW

This build should work on both Windows and Linux.

Prerequisites:

• mingw-w64
• CMake
• vcpkg
• git

$ git clone https://github.com/OpenVPN/openvpn3.git core && cd core
$ export VCPKG_ROOT=<path to vcpkg checkout>
$ cmake --preset mingw-x64-release
$ cmake --build --preset mingw-x64-release --target ovpncli

Testing

The OpenVPN 3 core includes a stress/performance test of the OpenVPN protocol implementation. The test basically creates a virtualized lossy network between two OpenVPN protocol objects, triggers TLS negotiations between them, passes control/data channel messages, and measures the ability of the OpenVPN protocol objects to perform and remain in a valid state.

The OpenVPN protocol implementation that is being tested is here: openvpn/ssl/proto.hpp

The test code itself is here: test/ssl/proto.cpp

Build the test:

$ cd $O3
$ cmake --build . -- test/ssl/proto

Run the test:

$ cd test/ssl
$ time ./proto
*** app bytes=72777936 net_bytes=122972447 data_bytes=415892854 prog=0000216599/0000216598 D=12700/600/12700/600 N=109/109 SH=17400/15300 HE=0/0

real        0m15.813s
user        0m15.800s
sys         0m0.004s

The OpenVPN 3 core also includes unit tests, which are based on Google Test framework. To run unit tests, you need to install CMake and build Google Test.

Build and run tests on Linux:

$ cd $O3/core/build
$ cmake --build . -- test/unittests/coreUnitTests
$ make test

Developer Guide

OpenVPN 3 is written in C++17 and developers who are moving from C to C++ should take some time to familiarize themselves with key C++ design patterns such as RAII:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization

OpenVPN 3 Client Core

OpenVPN 3 is designed as a class library, with an API that is essentially defined inside of namespace ClientAPI with headers and implementation in client and header-only library files under openvpn.

The consise definition of the client API is essentially class OpenVPNClient in client/ovpncli.hpp with several imporant extensions to the API found in:

• class TunBuilderBase in openvpn/tun/builder/base.hpp — Provides an abstraction layer defining the tun interface, and is especially useful for interfacing with an OS-layer VPN API.
• class ExternalPKIBase in openvpn/pki/epkibase.hpp — Provides a callback for external private key operations, and is useful for interfacing with an OS-layer Keychain such as the Keychain on iOS, Mac OS X, and Android, and the Crypto API on Windows.
• class LogReceiver in client/ovpncli.hpp — Provides an abstraction layer for the delivery of logging messages.

OpenVPN 3 includes a command-line reference client (cli) for testing the API. See test/ovpncli/cli.cpp.

The basic approach to building an OpenVPN 3 client is to define a client class that derives from ClientAPI::OpenVPNClient, then provide implementations for callbacks including event and logging notifications:

class Client : public ClientAPI::OpenVPNClient
{
public:
    virtual void event(const Event&) override {  // events delivered here
      ...
    }
    virtual void log(const LogInfo&) override {  // logging delivered here
      ...
    }

    ...
};

To start the client, first create a ClientAPI::ProtoConfig object and initialize it with the OpenVPN config file and other options:

ClientAPI::ProtoConfig config;
config.content = <config_file_content_as_multiline_string>;
...

Next, create a client object and evaluate the configuration:

Client client;
ClientAPI::EvalConfig eval = client.eval_config(config);
if (eval.error)
    throw ...;

Finally, in a new worker thread, start the connection:

ClientAPI::Status connect_status = client.connect();

Note that client.connect() will not return until the session has terminated.

Top Layer

The top layer of the OpenVPN 3 client is implemented in test/ovpncli/cli.cpp and openvpn/client/cliopt.hpp. Most of what this code does is marshalling the configuration and dispatching the higher-level objects that implement the OpenVPN client session.

Connection

class ClientConnect in openvpn/client/cliconnect.hpp implements the top-level connection logic for an OpenVPN client connection. It is concerned with starting, stopping, pausing, and resuming OpenVPN client connections. It deals with retrying a connection and handles the connection timeout. It also deals with connection exceptions and understands the difference between an exception that should halt any further reconnection attempts (such as AUTH_FAILED), and other exceptions such as network errors that would justify a retry.

Some of the methods in the class (such as stop, pause, and reconnect) are often called by another thread that is controlling the connection, therefore thread-safe methods are provided where the thread-safe function posts a message to the actual connection thread.

In an OpenVPN client connection, the following object stack would be used:

1. class ClientConnect in openvpn/client/cliconnect.hpp — The top-layer object in an OpenVPN client connection.
2. class ClientProto::Session in openvpn/client/cliproto.hpp — The OpenVPN client protocol object that subinstantiates the transport and tun layer objects.
3. class ProtoContext in openvpn/ssl/proto.hpp — The core OpenVPN protocol implementation that is common to both client and server.
4. class ProtoStackBase<Packet> in openvpn/ssl/protostack.hpp — The bottom-layer class that implements the basic functionality of tunneling a protocol over a reliable or unreliable transport layer, but isn't specific to OpenVPN per-se.

Transport Layer

OpenVPN 3 defines abstract base classes for Transport layer implementations in openvpn/transport/client/transbase.hpp.

Currently, transport layer implementations are provided for:

• UDP — openvpn/transport/client/udpcli.hpp
• TCP — openvpn/transport/client/tcpcli.hpp
• HTTP Proxy — openvpn/transport/client/httpcli.hpp

Tun Layer

OpenVPN 3 defines abstract base classes for Tun layer implementations in openvpn/tun/client/tunbase.hpp.

There are two possible approaches to define a Tun layer implementation:

1. Use a VPN API-centric model (such as for Android or iOS). These models derive from class TunBuilderBase in openvpn/tun/builder/base.hpp
2. Use an OS-specific model such as:
   • Linux — openvpn/tun/linux/client/tuncli.hpp
   • Windows — openvpn/tun/win/client/tuncli.hpp
   • Mac OS X — openvpn/tun/mac/client/tuncli.hpp

Protocol Layer

The OpenVPN protocol is implemented in class ProtoContext in openvpn/ssl/proto.hpp.

Options Processing

The parsing and query of the OpenVPN config file is implemented by class OptionList in openvpn/common/options.hpp.

Note that OpenVPN 3 always assumes an inline style of configuration, where all certs, keys, etc. are defined inline rather than through an external file reference.

For config files that do use external file references, class ProfileMerge in openvpn/options/merge.hpp is provided to merge those external file references into an inline form.

Calling the Client API from other languages

The OpenVPN 3 client API, as defined by class OpenVPNClient in client/ovpncli.hpp, can be wrapped by the Swig tool to create bindings for other languages.

For example, OpenVPN Connect for Android creates a Java binding of the API using javacli/ovpncli.i.

Security

When developing security software in C++, it's very important to take advantage of the language and OpenVPN library code to insulate code from the kinds of bugs that can introduce security vulnerabilities.

Here is a brief set of guidelines:

• When dealing with strings, use a std::string rather than a char *.

• When dealing with binary data or buffers, always try to use a Buffer, ConstBuffer, BufferAllocated, or BufferPtr object to provide managed access to the buffer, to protect against security bugs that arise when using raw buffer pointers. See openvpn/buffer/buffer.hpp for the OpenVPN Buffer classes.

• When it's necessary to have a pointer to an object, use std::unique_ptr<> for non-shared objects and reference-counted smart pointers for shared objects. For shared-pointers, OpenVPN code should use the smart pointer classes defined in openvpn/common/rc.hpp. Please see the comments in this file for documentation.

• Never use malloc or free. When allocating objects, use the C++ new operator and then immediately construct a smart pointer to reference the object:

  std::unique_ptr<MyObject> ptr = new MyObject();
  ptr->method();
  

• When interfacing with C functions that deal with raw pointers, memory allocation, etc., consider wrapping the functionality in C++. For an example, see enum_dir() in openvpn/common/enumdir.hpp, a function that returns a list of files in a directory (Unix only) via a high-level string vector, while internally calling the low level libc methods opendir, readdir, and closedir. Notice how unique_ptr_del is used to wrap the DIR struct in a smart pointer with a custom deletion function.

• When grabbing random entropy that is to be used for cryptographic purposes (i.e. for keys, tokens, etc.), always ensure that the RNG is crypto-grade by calling assert_crypto() on the RNG. This will throw an exception if the RNG is not crypto-grade:

  void set_rng(RandomAPI::Ptr rng_arg) {
      rng_arg->assert_crypto();
      rng = std::move(rng_arg);
  }
  

• Any variable whose value is not expected to change should be declared const.

• Don't use non-const global or static variables unless absolutely necessary.

• When formatting strings, don't use snprintf. Instead, use std::ostringstream or build the string using the + std::string operator:

  std::string format_reconnecting(const int n_seconds) {
      return "Reconnecting in " + openvpn::to_string(n_seconds) + " seconds.";
  }
  

  or:

  std::string format_reconnecting(const int n_seconds) {
      std::ostringstream os;
      os << "Reconnecting in " << n_seconds << " seconds.";
      return os.str();
  }
  

• OpenVPN 3 is a "header-only" library, therefore all free functions outside of classes should have the inline attribute.

Conventions

• Use the Asio library for I/O and timers. Don't deal with sockets directly.

• Never block. If you need to wait for something, use Asio timers or sockets.

• Use the OPENVPN_LOG() macro to log stuff. Don't use printf.

• Don't call crypto/ssl libraries directly. Instead use the abstraction layers (openvpn/crypto and openvpn/ssl) that allow OpenVPN to link with different crypto/ssl libraries (such as OpenSSL or mbed TLS).

• Use RandomAPI as a wrapper for random number generators (openvpn/random/randapi.hpp).

• If you need to deal with configuration file options, see class OptionList in openvpn/common/options.hpp.

• If you need to deal with time or time durations, use the classes under openvpn/time.

• If you need to deal with IP addresses, see the comprehensive classes under openvpn/addr.

• In general, if you need a general-purpose library class or function, look under openvpn/common. Chances are good that it's already been implemented.

• The OpenVPN 3 approach to errors is to count them, rather than unconditionally log them. If you need to add a new error counter, see openvpn/error/error.hpp.

• If you need to create a new event type which can be transmitted as a notification back to the client API user, see openvpn/client/clievent.hpp.

• Raw pointers or references can be okay when used by an object to point back to its parent (or container), if you can guarantee that the object will not outlive its parent. Backreferences to a parent object is also a common use case for weak pointers.

• Use C++ exceptions for error handling and as an alternative to goto. See OpenVPN's general exception classes and macros in openvpn/common/exception.hpp.

• Use C++ destructors for automatic object cleanup, and so that thrown exceptions will not leak objects. Alternatively, use Cleanup in openvpn/common/cleanup.hpp when you need to specify a code block to execute prior to scope exit. For example, ensure that the file pid_fn is deleted before scope exit:

  auto clean = Cleanup([pid_fn]() {
      if (pid_fn)
          ::unlink(pid_fn);
  });
  

• When calling global methods (such as libc fork), prepend :: to the symbol name, e.g.:

  struct dirent *e;
  while ((e = ::readdir(dir.get())) != nullptr) {
      ...
  }
  

• Use nullptr instead of NULL.

Threading

The OpenVPN 3 client core is designed to run in a single thread, with the UI or controller driving the OpenVPN API running in a different thread.

It's almost never necessary to create additional threads within the OpenVPN 3 client core.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.rst.

License

See LICENSE.rst.