Natural Language Processing Tasks and Selected References

I've been working on several natural language processing tasks for a long time. One day, I felt like drawing a map of the NLP field where I earn a living. I'm sure I'm not the only person who wants to see at a glance which tasks are in NLP.

I did my best to cover as many as possible tasks in NLP, but admittedly this is far from exhaustive purely due to my lack of knowledge. And selected references are biased towards recent deep learning accomplishments. I expect these serve as a starting point when you're about to dig into the task. I'll keep updating this repo myself, but what I really hope is you collaborate on this work. Don't hesitate to send me a pull request!

Oct. 13, 2017.
by Kyubyong

Reviewed and updated by YJ Choe on Oct. 18, 2017.

Anaphora Resolution

• See Coreference Resolution

Automated Essay Scoring

• PAPER Automatic Text Scoring Using Neural Networks
• PAPER A Neural Approach to Automated Essay Scoring
• CHALLENGE Kaggle: The Hewlett Foundation: Automated Essay Scoring
• PROJECT EASE (Enhanced AI Scoring Engine)

Automatic Speech Recognition

• WIKI Speech recognition
• PAPER Deep Speech 2: End-to-End Speech Recognition in English and Mandarin
• PAPER WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio
• PROJECT A TensorFlow implementation of Baidu's DeepSpeech architecture
• PROJECT Speech-to-Text-WaveNet : End-to-end sentence level English speech recognition using DeepMind's WaveNet
• CHALLENGE The 5th CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge
• DATA The 5th CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge
• DATA CSTR VCTK Corpus
• DATA LibriSpeech ASR corpus
• DATA Switchboard-1 Telephone Speech Corpus
• DATA TED-LIUM Corpus
• DATA Open Speech and Language Resources
• DATA Common Voice

Automatic Summarisation

• WIKI Automatic summarization
• BOOK Automatic Text Summarization
• PAPER Text Summarization Using Neural Networks
• PAPER Ranking with Recursive Neural Networks and Its Application to Multi-Document Summarization
• DATA Text Analytics Conferences (TAC)
• DATA Document Understanding Conferences (DUC)

Coreference Resolution

• INFO Coreference Resolution
• PAPER Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mention-Ranking Coreference Models
• PAPER Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes
• CHALLENGE SemEval 2018 Task 4: Character Identification on Multiparty Dialogues

Entity Linking

• See Named Entity Disambiguation

Grammatical Error Correction

• PAPER A Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Neural Network for Grammatical Error Correction
• PAPER Neural Network Translation Models for Grammatical Error Correction
• PAPER Adapting Sequence Models for Sentence Correction
• CHALLENGE CoNLL-2013 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction
• CHALLENGE CoNLL-2014 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction
• DATA NUS Non-commercial research/trial corpus license
• DATA Lang-8 Learner Corpora
• DATA Cornell Movie--Dialogs Corpus
• PROJECT Deep Text Corrector
• PRODUCT deep grammar

Grapheme To Phoneme Conversion

• PAPER Grapheme-to-Phoneme Models for (Almost) Any Language
• PAPER Polyglot Neural Language Models: A Case Study in Cross-Lingual Phonetic Representation Learning
• PAPER Multitask Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion
• PROJECT Sequence-to-Sequence G2P toolkit
• PROJECT g2p_en: A Simple Python Module for English Grapheme To Phoneme Conversion
• DATA Multilingual Pronunciation Data

Humor and Sarcasm Detection

• PAPER Automatic Sarcasm Detection: A Survey
• PAPER Magnets for Sarcasm: Making Sarcasm Detection Timely, Contextual and Very Personal
• PAPER Sarcasm Detection on Twitter: A Behavioral Modeling Approach
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 6: #HashtagWars: Learning a Sense of Humor
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 7: Detection and Interpretation of English Puns
• DATA Sarcastic comments from Reddit
• DATA Sarcasm Corpus V2
• DATA Sarcasm Amazon Reviews Corpus

Language Grounding

• WIKI Symbol grounding problem
• PAPER The Symbol Grounding Problem
• PAPER From phonemes to images: levels of representation in a recurrent neural model of visually-grounded language learning
• PAPER Encoding of phonology in a recurrent neural model of grounded speech
• PAPER Gated-Attention Architectures for Task-Oriented Language Grounding
• PAPER Sound-Word2Vec: Learning Word Representations Grounded in Sounds
• COURSE Language Grounding to Vision and Control
• WORKSHOP Language Grounding for Robotics

Language Guessing

• See Language Identification

Language Identification

• WIKI Language identification
• PAPER AUTOMATIC LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS
• PAPER Natural Language Processing with Small Feed-Forward Networks
• CHALLENGE 2015 Language Recognition Evaluation

Language Modeling

• WIKI Language model
• TOOLKIT KenLM Language Model Toolkit
• PAPER Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality
• PAPER Generating Sequences with Recurrent Neural Networks
• PAPER Character-Aware Neural Language Models
• THESIS Statistical Language Models Based on Neural Networks
• DATA Penn Treebank
• TUTORIAL TensorFlow Tutorial on Language Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks

Language Recognition

• See Language Identification

Lemmatisation

• WIKI Lemmatisation
• PAPER Joint Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging with LEMMING
• TOOLKIT WordNet Lemmatizer
• DATA Treebank-3

Lip-reading

• WIKI Lip reading
• PAPER LipNet: End-to-End Sentence-level Lipreading
• PAPER Lip Reading Sentences in the Wild
• PAPER Large-Scale Visual Speech Recognition
• PROJECT Lip Reading - Cross Audio-Visual Recognition using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks
• PRODUCT Liopa
• DATA The GRID audiovisual sentence corpus
• DATA The BBC-Oxford 'Multi-View Lip Reading Sentences' (MV-LRS) Dataset

Machine Translation

• PAPER Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate
• PAPER Neural Machine Translation in Linear Time
• PAPER Attention Is All You Need
• PAPER Six Challenges for Neural Machine Translation
• PAPER Phrase-Based & Neural Unsupervised Machine Translation
• CHALLENGE ACL 2014 NINTH WORKSHOP ON STATISTICAL MACHINE TRANSLATION
• CHALLENGE EMNLP 2017 SECOND CONFERENCE ON MACHINE TRANSLATION (WMT17)
• DATA OpenSubtitles2016
• DATA WIT3: Web Inventory of Transcribed and Translated Talks
• DATA The QCRI Educational Domain (QED) Corpus
• PAPER Multi-task Sequence to Sequence Learning
• PAPER Unsupervised Pretraining for Sequence to Sequence Learning
• PAPER Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation
• TOOLKIT Subword Neural Machine Translation with Byte Pair Encoding (BPE)
• TOOLKIT Multi-Way Neural Machine Translation
• TOOLKIT OpenNMT: Open-Source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation

Morphological Inflection Generation

• WIKI Inflection
• PAPER Morphological Inflection Generation Using Character Sequence to Sequence Learning
• CHALLENGE SIGMORPHON 2016 Shared Task: Morphological Reinflection
• DATA sigmorphon2016

Named Entity Disambiguation

• WIKI Entity linking
• PAPER Robust and Collective Entity Disambiguation through Semantic Embeddings

Named Entity Recognition

• WIKI Named-entity recognition
• PAPER Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognition
• PROJECT OSU Twitter NLP Tools
• CHALLENGE Named Entity Recognition in Twitter
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2002 Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition
• CHALLENGE Introduction to the CoNLL-2003 Shared Task: Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition
• DATA CoNLL-2002 NER corpus
• DATA CoNLL-2003 NER corpus
• DATA NUT Named Entity Recognition in Twitter Shared task
• TOOLKIT Stanford Named Entity Recognizer

Paraphrase Detection

• PAPER Dynamic Pooling and Unfolding Recursive Autoencoders for Paraphrase Detection
• PROJECT Paralex: Paraphrase-Driven Learning for Open Question Answering
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2015 Task 1: Paraphrase and Semantic Similarity in Twitter
• DATA Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus
• DATA Microsoft Research Video Description Corpus
• DATA Pascal Dataset
• DATA Flickr Dataset
• DATA The SICK data set
• DATA PPDB: The Paraphrase Database
• DATA WikiAnswers Paraphrase Corpus

Paraphrase Generation

• PAPER Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networks
• DATA Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networks
• CODE Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networks
• PAPER A Deep Generative Framework for Paraphrase Generation
• PAPER Paraphrasing Revisited with Neural Machine Translation

Parsing

• WIKI Parsing
• TOOLKIT The Stanford Parser: A statistical parser
• TOOLKIT spaCy parser
• PAPER Grammar as a Foreign Language
• PAPER A fast and accurate dependency parser using neural networks
• PAPER Universal Semantic Parsing
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2016 Shared Task: Multilingual Shallow Discourse Parsing
• CHALLENGE CoNLL 2015 Shared Task: Shallow Discourse Parsing
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2016 Task 8: The meaning representations may be abstract, but this task is concrete!

Part-of-speech Tagging

• WIKI Part-of-speech tagging
• PAPER Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Models and Auxiliary Loss
• PAPER Unsupervised Part-Of-Speech Tagging with Anchor Hidden Markov Models
• DATA Treebank-3
• TOOLKIT nltk.tag package

Pinyin-To-Chinese Conversion

• WIKI Pinyin input method
• PAPER Neural Network Language Model for Chinese Pinyin Input Method Engine
• PROJECT Neural Chinese Transliterator

Question Answering

• WIKI Question answering
• PAPER Ask Me Anything: Dynamic Memory Networks for Natural Language Processing
• PAPER Dynamic Memory Networks for Visual and Textual Question Answering
• CHALLENGE TREC Question Answering Task
• CHALLENGE NTCIR-8: Advanced Cross-lingual Information Access (ACLIA)
• CHALLENGE CLEF Question Answering Track
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 3: Community Question Answering
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge
• DATA MS MARCO: Microsoft MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset
• DATA Maluuba NewsQA
• DATA SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text
• DATA GraphQuestions: A Characteristic-rich Question Answering Dataset
• DATA Story Cloze Test and ROCStories Corpora
• DATA Microsoft Research WikiQA Corpus
• DATA DeepMind Q&A Dataset
• DATA QASent
• DATA Textbook Question Answering

Relationship Extraction

• WIKI Relationship extraction
• PAPER A deep learning approach for relationship extraction from interaction context in social manufacturing paradigm
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2018 task 7 Semantic Relation Extraction and Classification in Scientific Papers

Semantic Role Labeling

• WIKI Semantic role labeling
• BOOK Semantic Role Labeling
• PAPER End-to-end Learning of Semantic Role Labeling Using Recurrent Neural Networks
• PAPER Neural Semantic Role Labeling with Dependency Path Embeddings
• PAPER Deep Semantic Role Labeling: What Works and What's Next
• CHALLENGE CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling
• CHALLENGE CoNLL-2004 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling
• TOOLKIT Illinois Semantic Role Labeler (SRL)
• DATA CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling

Sentence Boundary Disambiguation

• WIKI Sentence boundary disambiguation
• PAPER A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Sentence Boundary Detection for the Clinical Domain
• TOOLKIT NLTK Tokenizers
• DATA The British National Corpus
• DATA Switchboard-1 Telephone Speech Corpus

Sentiment Analysis

• WIKI Sentiment analysis
• INFO Awesome Sentiment Analysis
• CHALLENGE Kaggle: UMICH SI650 - Sentiment Classification
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogs and News
• PROJECT SenticNet
• PROJECT Stanford NLP Group Sentiment Analysis
• DATA Multi-Domain Sentiment Dataset (version 2.0)
• DATA Stanford Sentiment Treebank
• DATA Twitter Sentiment Corpus
• DATA Twitter Sentiment Analysis Training Corpus
• DATA AFINN: List of English words rated for valence

Sign Language Recognition/Translation

• PAPER Video-based Sign Language Recognition without Temporal Segmentation
• PAPER SubUNets: End-to-end Hand Shape and Continuous Sign Language Recognition
• DATA RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather
• DATA ASLLRP
• PROJECT SignAll

Singing Voice Synthesis

• PAPER Singing voice synthesis based on deep neural networks
• PAPER A Neural Parametric Singing Synthesizer Modeling Timbre and Expression from Natural Songs
• PRODUCT VOCALOID: voice synthesis technology and software developed by Yamaha
• CHALLENGE Special Session Interspeech 2016 Singing synthesis challenge "Fill-in the Gap"

Social Science Applications

• WORKSHOP NLP+CSS: Workshops on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science
• TOOLKIT Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints
• TOOLKIT Online Variational Bayes for Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
• GROUP The University of Chicago Knowledge Lab

Source Separation

• WIKI Source separation
• PAPER From Blind to Guided Audio Source Separation
• PAPER Joint Optimization of Masks and Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Monaural Source Separation
• CHALLENGE Signal Separation Evaluation Campaign (SiSEC)
• CHALLENGE CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge

Speaker Authentication

• See Speaker Verification

Speaker Diarisation

• WIKI Speaker diarisation
• PAPER DNN-based speaker clustering for speaker diarisation
• PAPER Unsupervised Methods for Speaker Diarization: An Integrated and Iterative Approach
• PAPER Audio-Visual Speaker Diarization Based on Spatiotemporal Bayesian Fusion
• CHALLENGE Rich Transcription Evaluation

Speaker Recognition

• WIKI Speaker recognition
• PAPER A NOVEL SCHEME FOR SPEAKER RECOGNITION USING A PHONETICALLY-AWARE DEEP NEURAL NETWORK
• PAPER DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS FOR SMALL FOOTPRINT TEXT-DEPENDENT SPEAKER VERIFICATION
• PAPER Deep Speaker: an End-to-End Neural Speaker Embedding System
• PROJECT Voice Vector: which of the Hollywood stars is most similar to my voice?
• CHALLENGE NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE)
• INFO Are there any suggestions for free databases for speaker recognition?
• DATA VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognition

Speech Reading

• See Lip-reading

Speech Recognition

• See Automatic Speech Recognition

Speech Segmentation

• WIKI Speech_segmentation
• PAPER Word Segmentation by 8-Month-Olds: When Speech Cues Count More Than Statistics
• PAPER Unsupervised Word Segmentation and Lexicon Discovery Using Acoustic Word Embeddings
• PAPER Unsupervised Lexicon Discovery from Acoustic Input
• PAPER Weakly supervised spoken term discovery using cross-lingual side information
• DATA CALLHOME Spanish Speech

Speech Synthesis

• WIKI Speech synthesis
• PAPER Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictions
• PAPER WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio
• PAPER Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesis
• PAPER Deep Voice 3: 2000-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speech
• PAPER Efficiently Trainable Text-to-Speech System Based on Deep Convolutional Networks with Guided Attention
• DATA The World English Bible
• DATA LJ Speech Dataset
• DATA Lessac Data
• CHALLENGE Blizzard Challenge 2017
• PRODUCT Lyrebird
• PROJECT The Festvox project
• TOOLKIT Merlin: The Neural Network (NN) based Speech Synthesis System

Speech Enhancement

• WIKI Speech enhancement
• BOOK Speech enhancement: theory and practice
• PAPER An Experimental Study on Speech Enhancement BasedonDeepNeuralNetwork
• PAPER A Regression Approach to Speech Enhancement BasedonDeepNeuralNetworks
• PAPER Speech Enhancement Based on Deep Denoising Autoencoder

Speech-To-Text

• See Automatic Speech Recognition

Spoken Term Detection

• See Speech Segmentation

Stemming

• WIKI Stemming
• PAPER A BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK TO IMPROVE ARABIC STEMMING
• TOOLKIT NLTK Stemmers

Term Extraction

• WIKI Terminology extraction
• PAPER Neural Attention Models for Sequence Classification: Analysis and Application to Key Term Extraction and Dialogue Act Detection

Text Similarity

• WIKI Semantic similarity
• PAPER A Survey of Text Similarity Approaches
• PAPER Learning to Rank Short Text Pairs with Convolutional Deep Neural Networks
• PAPER Improved Semantic Representations From Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory Networks
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2014 Task 3: Cross-Level Semantic Similarity
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2014 Task 10: Multilingual Semantic Textual Similarity
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity
• WIKI Semantic Textual Similarity Wiki

Text Simplification

• WIKI Text simplification
• PAPER Aligning Sentences from Standard Wikipedia to Simple Wikipedia
• PAPER Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help
• DATA Newsela Data

Text-To-Speech

• See Speech Synthesis

Textual Entailment

• WIKI Textual entailment
• PROJECT Textual Entailment with TensorFlow
• PAPER Textual Entailment with Structured Attentions and Composition
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2014 Task 1: Evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models on full sentences through semantic relatedness and textual entailment
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2013 Task 7: The Joint Student Response Analysis and 8th Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge

Transliteration

• WIKI Transliteration
• INFO Transliteration of Non-Latin scripts
• PAPER A Deep Learning Approach to Machine Transliteration
• CHALLENGE NEWS 2016 Shared Task on Transliteration of Named Entities
• PROJECT Neural Japanese Transliteration—can you do better than SwiftKey™ Keyboard?

Voice Conversion

• PAPER PHONETIC POSTERIORGRAMS FOR MANY-TO-ONE VOICE CONVERSION WITHOUT PARALLEL DATA TRAINING
• PROJECT Deep neural networks for voice conversion (voice style transfer) in Tensorflow
• PROJECT An implementation of voice conversion system utilizing phonetic posteriorgrams
• CHALLENGE Voice Conversion Challenge 2016
• CHALLENGE Voice Conversion Challenge 2018
• DATA CMU_ARCTIC speech synthesis databases
• DATA TIMIT Acoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus

Voice Recognition

• See Speaker recognition

Word Embeddings

• WIKI Word embedding
• TOOLKIT Gensim: word2vec
• TOOLKIT fastText
• TOOLKIT GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation
• INFO Where to get a pretrained model
• PROJECT Pre-trained word vectors
• PROJECT Pre-trained word vectors of 30+ languages
• PROJECT Polyglot: Distributed word representations for multilingual NLP
• PROJECT BPEmb: a collection of pre-trained subword embeddings in 275 languages
• CHALLENGE SemEval 2018 Task 10 Capturing Discriminative Attributes
• PAPER Bilingual Word Embeddings for Phrase-Based Machine Translation
• PAPER A Survey of Cross-Lingual Embedding Models

Word Prediction

• INFO What is Word Prediction?
• PAPER The prediction of character based on recurrent neural network language model
• PAPER An Embedded Deep Learning based Word Prediction
• PAPER Evaluating Word Prediction: Framing Keystroke Savings
• DATA An Embedded Deep Learning based Word Prediction
• PROJECT Word Prediction using Convolutional Neural Networks—can you do better than iPhone™ Keyboard?
• CHALLENGE SemEval-2018 Task 2, Multilingual Emoji Prediction

Word Segmentation

• WIKI Word segmentation
• PAPER Neural Word Segmentation Learning for Chinese
• PROJECT Convolutional neural network for Chinese word segmentation
• TOOLKIT Stanford Word Segmenter
• TOOLKIT NLTK Tokenizers

Word Sense Disambiguation

• DATA Word-sense disambiguation
• PAPER Train-O-Matic: Large-Scale Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation in Multiple Languages without Manual Training Data
• DATA Train-O-Matic Data
• DATA BabelNet