EventHub

EventHub enables companies to do cross device event tracking. Events are joined by their associated user on EventHub and can be visualized by the built-in dashboard to answer the following common business questions

• what is my funnel conversion rate?
• what is my cohorted KPI retention?
• which variant in my A/B test has a higher conversion rate?

Most important of all, EventHub is free and open source.

Table of Contents

• Quick Start
• Server
• Dashboard
• Javascript Library
• Ruby Library

Quick Start

Playground

A demo server is available on Heroku and the username/password to access the dashboard is codecademy/codecademy.

• Example funnel query
• Example cohort query

Screenshots

Deploy with Heroku

Developers who want to try EventHub can quickly set the server up on Heroku with the following commands. However, please be aware that Heroku's file system is ephemeral and your data will be wiped after the instance is closed.

git clone https://github.com/Codecademy/EventHub.git

cd EventHub
heroku create
git push heroku master

heroku open

Required dependencies

• java sdk7
• maven

Compile and run

# set up proper JAVA_HOME for mac
export JAVA_HOME=$(/usr/libexec/java_home)

git clone https://github.com/Codecademy/EventHub.git
cd EventHub
export EVENT_HUB_DIR=`pwd`
mvn -am -pl web clean package
java -jar web/target/web-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar

How to run all the tests

Unit/Integration/Functional testing

mvn -am -pl web clean test

Manual testing with curl

Comprehensive examples can be found in script.sh.

cd ${EVENT_HUB_DIR}; ./script.sh

Test all event related endpoints

• Add new event

  curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/events/track --data "event_type=signup&external_user_id=foobar&event_property_1=1"

• Batch add new event

  curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/events/batch_track --data "events=[{event_type: signup, external_user_id: foobar, date: 20130101, event_property_1: 1}]"

• Show all event types

  curl http://localhost:8080/events/types

• Show events for a given user

  curl http://localhost:8080/users/timeline\?external_user_id\=[email protected]\&offset\=0\&num_records\=1

• Show all property keys for the given event type

  curl 'http://localhost:8080/events/keys?event_type=signup'

• Show all property values for the given event type and property key

  curl 'http://localhost:8080/events/values?event_type=signup&event_key=treatment'

• Show all property values for the given event type, property key and value prefix

  curl 'http://localhost:8080/events/values?event_type=signup&event_key=treatment&prefix=fa'

• Show server stats

  curl http://localhost:8080/varz

• Funnel query

  today=`date +'%Y%m%d'`
  end_date=`(date -d '+7day' +'%Y%m%d' || date -v '+7d' +'%Y%m%d') 2> /dev/null`
  
  curl -X POST "http://localhost:8080/events/funnel" --data "start_date=${today}&end_date=${end_date}&funnel_steps[]=signup&funnel_steps[]=view_shopping_cart&funnel_steps[]=checkout&num_days_to_complete_funnel=7&eck=event_property_1&ecv=1"

• Retention query

  today=`date +'%Y%m%d'`
  end_date=`(date -d '+7day' +'%Y%m%d' || date -v '+7d' +'%Y%m%d') 2> /dev/null`
  
  curl -X POST "http://localhost:8080/events/cohort" --data "start_date=${today}&end_date=${end_date}&row_event_type=signup&column_event_type=view_shopping_cart&num_days_per_row=1&num_columns=2"

Test all user related endpoints

• show paginated events for a given user

  curl http://localhost:8080/users/timeline\?external_user_id\=[email protected]\&offset\=0\&num_records\=5

• show information of users who have matched property keys & values

  curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/users/find --data "ufk[]=external_user_id&ufv[][email protected]"

• add or update user information

  curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/users/add_or_update --data "[email protected]&foo=bar&hello=world"

• Show all property keys for users

  curl 'http://localhost:8080/users/keys

• Show all property values for users given property key and (optional) value prefix

  curl 'http://localhost:8080/users/values?user_key=hello&prefix=w'

Load testing with Jmeter

We use Apache Jmeter for load testing, and the load testing script can be found in ${EVENT_HUB_DIR}/jmeter.jmx.

export JMETER_DIR=~/Downloads/apache-jmeter-2.11/
java -jar ${JMETER_DIR}/bin/ApacheJMeter.jar -JnumThreads=1 -n -t jmeter.jmx -p jmeter.properties
java -jar ${JMETER_DIR}/bin/ApacheJMeter.jar -JnumThreads=5 -n -t jmeter.jmx -p jmeter.properties
java -jar ${JMETER_DIR}/bin/ApacheJMeter.jar -JnumThreads=10 -n -t jmeter.jmx -p jmeter.properties

# generate graph (require matplotlib)
./plot_jmeter_performance.py 1-jmeter-performance.csv 5-jmeter-performance.csv 10-jmeter-performance.csv

# open "Track Event.png"

Server

Key observations & design decisions

Our goal is to build something usable on a single machine with a reasonably large SSD drive. Let's say, hypothetically, the server receives 100M events monthly (might cost you few thousand dollars per month to use SAAS provider), and each event is 500 bytes without compression. In this situation, storing all the events likely only takes you few hundreds GB with compression, and chances are, only the data in recent months are of interest.

Also, to efficiently run basic funnel and cohort queries without filtering, only two forward indices are needed, event index sharded by event types and event index sharded by users. Therefore, our strategy is to make those two indices as small as possible to fit in memory, and if the client wants to do filtering for events, we build a bloomfilter to reject most of the non exact-match. Imagine we are running another hypothetical query while assuming both indices and the bloomfilters can be fit in memory. Say there are 1M events that cannot be rejected and need to hit the disk, assuming each SSD disk read is 16 microseconds, we are talking about sub-minute query time, while assuming none of the data are in memory. In practice, this situation is likely much better as we cache all the recently hit records, and most of the queries likely only care the most recent data.

To simplify the design of the server and store indices compactly so that they fit in memory, we made the following two assumptions.

1. Times are associated to events when the server receives the an event
2. Date is the finest level of granularity

With the above two assumptions, we can rely on the server generated monotonically increasing id to maintain the total order for the events. In addition, as long as we track the id of the first event in any given date, we do not need to store the time information in the indices (which greatly reduces the size of the indices). The direct implication for those assumptions are, first, if the client chose to cache some events locally and sent them later, the timing for those events will be recorded as the server receives them, not when the user made those actions; second, though the server maintains the total ordering of all events, it cannot answer questions like what is the conversion rate for the given funnel between 2pm and 3pm on a given date.

Lastly, for both indices, since they are sharded by event types or users, we can expect the size of the indices to reduce significantly with proper compression.

Architecture

At the highest level, com.codecademy.evenhub.web.EventHubHandler is the main entry point. It runs a Jetty server, reflectively collects supported commands under com.codecademy.evenhub.web.commands, handles JSONP request transparently, handles requests to static resources like the dashboard, and most importantly, act as a proxy which translates http request and respones to and from method calls to com.codecademy.evenhub.EventHub.

com.codecademy.evenhub.EventHub can be thought of as a facade to the key components of UserStorage, EventStorage, ShardedEventIndex, DatedEventIndex, UserEventIndex and PropertiesIndex.

For UserStorage and EventStorage, at the lowest level, we implemented Journal{User,Event}Storage backed by HawtJournal to store underlying records reliably. In addition, when clients are quering records which cannot be filtered by the supported indices, the server will loop through all the potential hits, look up the properties from the Journal and then filter accordingly. For better performance, there are also decorators for each storage like Cached{User,Event}Storage to support caching and BloomFiltered{User,Event}Storage to support fast rejection for filters like ExactMatch. Please also beware that each Storage maintains a monotonically increasing counter as the internal id generator for each event and user received.

To make the funnel and cohort queries fast, EventHub also maintains three indices, ShardedEventIndex, UserEventIndex, and DatedEventIndex behind the scene. DatedEventIndex simply tracks the mapping from a given date, the id of the first event received in that day. ShardedEventIndex can be thought of as sorted event ids sharded by event type. UserEventIndex can be thought of as sorted event ids sharded by users.

Lastly, EventHub maintains a PropertiesIndex backed by LevelDB Jni to track what properties keys are available for a given event type and what properties values are available for a given event type and a property key.

Horizontal scalabiltiy

While EventHub does not need any information from different users, with a broker in front of EventHub servers, EventHub can be easily sharded by users and scale horizontally.

Performance

In the following three experiments, the spec of the computer used can be found in the following table

Write performance

The following graph is generated as described in Load testing with Jmeter. The graph shows both the throughput and latency of adding the first one million events (without batching) with different number of threads (1, 5, 10, 15).

Query performance

While it is difficult to come up with a generic benchmark, we would rather show something rather than show nothing. After generating about one million events with the load testing script as described in Load testing with Jmeter, we ran the four types of queries twice, once after the server starts cleanly and another time while the cache is still warm.

Memory footprint

In the experiment, the server was bootstrapped differently. Instead of using the load testing script, we used subset of data from Codecademy, which has around 53M events and 2.4M users. Please be aware that the current storage format on disk is fairly inefficient and has serious internal fragmentation. However, when the data are loaded to memory, it will be much more efficient as we would never load those "hole" pages into memory.

Dashboard

The server comes with a built-in dashboard which is simply some static resources stored in /web/src/main/resources/frontend and gets compiled into the server jar file. After running the server, the dashboard can be accessed at http://localhost:8080. Through the dashboard, you can access the server for your funnel and cohort analysis.

Password protection

The dashboard comes with insecure basic authentication which send unencrypted information without SSL. Please use it at your own discretion. The default username/password is codecademy/codecademy and you can change it by modifying your web.properties file or use the following command to start your server

USERNAME=foo
PASSWORD=bar
java -Deventhubhandler.username=${USERNAME} -Deventhubhandler.password=${PASSWORD} -jar web/target/web-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar

Javascript Library

The project comes with a javascript library which can be integrated with your website as a way to send events to your EventHub server.

How to run JS tests

install karma

cd ${EVENT_HUB_DIR}

npm install -g karma
npm install -g karma-jasmine@2_0
npm install -g karma-chrome-launcher

karma start karma.conf.js

API

The javascript library is extremely simple and heavily inspired by mixpanel. There are only five methods that a developer needs to understand. Beware that behind the scenes, the library maintains a queue backed by localStorage, buffers the events in the queue, and has a timer reguarly clear the queue. If the browser doesn't support localStorage, a in-memory queue will be created as EventHub is created. Also, our implementation relies on the server to track the timestamp of each event. Therefore, in the case of a browser session disconnected before all the events are sent, the remaining events will be sent in the next browser session and thus have the timestamp recorded as the next session starts.

window.newEventHub()

The method will create an EventHub and start the timer which clears out the event queue in every second (default)

var name = "EventHub";
var options = {
  url: 'http://example.com',
  flushInterval: 10 /* in seconds */
};
var eventHub = window.newEventHub(name, options);

eventHub.track()

This method enqueues the given event which will be cleared in batch at every flushInterval. Beware that if there is no identify method called before the track method is called, the library will automatically generate an user id which remain the same for the entire session (clears after the browser tab is closed), and send the generated user id along with the queued event. On the other hand, if eventhub.identify() is called before the track method is called, the user information passed along with the identify method call will be merged to the queued event.

eventHub.track("signup", {
  property_1: 'value1',
  property_2: 'value2'
});

eventHub.alias()

This method links the given user to the automatically generated user. Typically, you only want to call this method once -- right after the user successfully signs up.

eventHub.alias('[email protected]');

eventHub.identify()

This method tells the library instead of using the automatically generated user information, use the given information instead.

eventHub.identify('[email protected]', {
  user_property_1: 'value1',
  user_property_2: 'value2'
});

eventHub.register()

This method allows the developer to add additional information to the generated user.

eventHub.register({
  user_property_1: 'value1',
  user_property_2: 'value2'
});

Scenario and Receipes

Link the events sent before and after an user sign up

The following code

var eventHub = window.newEventHub('EventHub', { url: 'http://example.com' });
eventHub.track('pageview', { page: 'home' });
eventHub.register({
  ip: '10.0.0.1'
});

// after user signup
eventHub.alias('[email protected]');
eventHub.identify('[email protected]', {
  gender: 'male'
});
eventHub.track('pageview', { page: 'learn' });

will result in a funnel like

{
  user: 'something generated',
  event: 'pageview',
  page: 'home',
  ip: '10.0.0.1'
}
link '[email protected]' to 'something generated'
{
  user: '[email protected]',
  event: 'pageview',
  page: 'learn',
  gender: 'male'
}

A/B testing

The following code

var eventHub = window.newEventHub('EventHub', { url: 'http://example.com' });
eventHub.identify('[email protected]', {});
eventHub.track('pageview', {
  page: 'javascript exercise 1',
  experiment: 'fancy feature',
  treatment: 'new'
});
eventHub.track('submit', {
  page: 'javascript exercise 1'
});

and

var eventHub = window.newEventHub('EventHub', { url: 'http://example.com' });
eventHub.identify('[email protected]', {});
eventHub.track('pageview', {
  page: 'javascript exercise 1',
  experiment: 'fancy feature',
  treatment: 'control'
});
eventHub.track('skip', {
  page: 'javascript exercise 1'
});

will result in two funnels like

{
  user: '[email protected]',
  event: 'pageview',
  page: 'javascript exercise 1',
  experiment: 'fancy feature',
  treatment: 'new'
}
{
  user: '[email protected]',
  event: 'submit',
  page: 'javascript exercise 1'
}

and

{
  user: '[email protected]',
  event: 'pageview',
  page: 'javascript exercise 1',
  experiment: 'fancy feature',
  treatment: 'control'
}
{
  user: '[email protected]',
  event: 'skip',
  page: 'javascript exercise 1'
}

Ruby Library

Separate ruby gem is also available at https://github.com/Codecademy/EventHubClient

License

MIT License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Codecademy LLC