Azure IoT C SDKs and Libraries
Introduction
The Azure IOT Hub Device SDK allows applications written in C99 or later or C++ to communicate easily with Azure IoT Hub, Azure IoT Central and to Azure IoT Device Provisioning. This repo includes the source code for the libraries, setup instructions, and samples demonstrating use scenarios.
For constrained devices, where memory is measured in kilobytes and not megabytes, there are even lighter weight SDK options available. See Other Azure IoT SDKs to learn more.
Table of Contents
- Azure IoT C SDKs and Libraries
- Important branch rename information
- Introduction
- Table of Contents
- Critical Upcoming Change Notice
- Getting the SDK
- Samples
- SDK API Reference Documentation
- Other Azure IoT SDKs
- Developing Azure IoT Applications
- Key Features
- OS Platforms and Hardware Compatibility
- Porting the Azure IoT Device Client SDK for C to New Devices
- Deprecation Notes
- Contribution, Feedback and Issues
- Support
- Read More
- SDK Folder Structure
- Releases
Critical Upcoming Change Notice
All Azure IoT SDK users are advised to be aware of upcoming TLS certificate changes for Azure IoT Hub and Device Provisioning Service that will impact the SDK's ability to connect to these services. In October 2022, both services will migrate from the current Baltimore CyberTrust CA Root to the DigiCert Global G2 CA root. There will be a transition period beforehand where your IoT devices must have both the Baltimore and Digicert public certificates which may be hardcoded in their application or flashed onto your WiFi module in order to prevent connectivity issues.
Devices with only the Baltimore public certificate will lose the ability to connect to Azure IoT Hub and Device Provisioning Service in October 2022.
To prepare for this change, make sure your device's TLS stack has both of these public root of trust certificates configured.
For a more in depth explanation as to why the IoT services are doing this, please see this article.
Getting the SDK
Please note, for constrained device scenarios like mbed and Arduino, there are better, lighter weight SDK options available. See Other Azure IoT SDKs to learn more.
Packages
The simplest way to get started with the Azure IoT SDKs on supported platforms is to use the following packages and libraries:
-
Windows: Device SDK on Vcpkg
-
iOS Limitations
- Authentication is limited to SAS keys on iOS. No certificate-based authentication is officially supported.
- The Device Provisioning Client is not supported on iOS. Only the Azure IoT Hub device client is supported.
For a more complete iOS experience including the two missing features above, please see our sample native Swift library built on top of the Embedded C SDK.
Linux
For other platforms - including Linux - you need to clone and build the SDK directly. You may also build it directly for the platforms above.
- Linux: Device SDK library on Linux
Samples
There are many samples available for the SDK. More information can be found here.
SDK API Reference Documentation
The API reference documentation for the C SDKs can be found here.
Other Azure IoT SDKs
To find Azure IoT SDKs in other languages, please refer to the guidance here.
- Azure IoT SDK for Embedded C is an alternative for constrained devices which enables the BYO (bring your own) network approach: IoT developers have the freedom of choice to bring MQTT client, TLS and Socket of their choice to create a device solution.
- Azure IoT middleware for Azure RTOS builds on top of the embedded SDK and tightly couples with the Azure RTOS family of networking and OS products. This gives you very performant and small applications for real-time, constrained devices.
- Azure IoT middleware for FreeRTOS builds on top of the embedded SDK and takes care of the MQTT stack while integrating with FreeRTOS. This maintains the focus on constrained devices and gives users a distilled Azure IoT feature set while allowing for flexibility with their networking stack.
Developing Azure IoT Applications
To learn more about building Azure IoT Applications, you can visit the Azure IoT Dev Center.
Key Features
Device Client SDK
IoT Hub supports multiple protocols for the device to connect with : MQTT, AMQP, and HTTPS. MQTT and AMQP can optionally run over WebSockets. The Device Client SDK allows the protocol to be chosen at connection creation time.
The Device/Module Client SDK optionally allows creation of IoT Plug and Play devices.
If you're not sure which protocol to use, you should use MQTT or MQTT-WS. MQTT requires considerably fewer resources than AMQP and supports considerably more IoT Hub functionality than HTTPS. Neither AMQP nor HTTPS are guaranteed to have Device Client SDK implementations for new features going forward, such as Azure IoT Plug and Play.
| Features | mqtt | mqtt-ws | amqp | amqp-ws | https | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authentication | Connect your device to IoT Hub securely with supported authentication, including private key, SASToken, X-509 Self Signed and Certificate Authority (CA) Signed. *IoT Hub only supports X-509 CA Signed over AMQP and MQTT at the moment. | |||||
| Send Device-to-Cloud Message | Send device-to-cloud messages (max 256KB) to IoT Hub with the option to add custom properties. IoT Hub only supports batch send over AMQP and HTTPS only at the moment. This SDK supports batch send over HTTP. * Batch send over AMQP and AMQP-WS, and add system properties on D2C messages are in progress. | |||||
| Receive Cloud-to-Device Messages | Receive cloud-to-device messages and read associated custom and system properties from IoT Hub, with the option to complete/reject/abandon C2D messages. *IoT Hub supports the option to complete/reject/abandon C2D messages over HTTPS and AMQP only at the moment. | |||||
| Device Twins | IoT Hub persists a device twin for each device that you connect to IoT Hub. The device can perform operations like get twin tags, subscribe to desired properties. *Send reported properties version and desired properties version are in progress. | |||||
| Direct Methods | IoT Hub gives you the ability to invoke direct methods on devices from the cloud. The SDK supports handler for method specific and generic operation. | |||||
| Upload File to Blob | A device can initiate a file upload and notifies IoT Hub when the upload is complete. File upload requires HTTPS connection, but can be initiated from client using any protocol for other operations. | |||||
| Connection Status and Error reporting | Error reporting for IoT Hub supported error code. *This SDK supports error reporting on authentication and Device Not Found. | |||||
| Retry policies | Retry policy for unsuccessful device-to-cloud messages have two options: no try, exponential backoff with jitter (default). *Custom retry policy is in progress. | |||||
| Devices multiplexing over single connection | There are more limitations to multiplexing than captured in this table. See this document for more information. | |||||
| Connection Pooling - Specifying number of connections | ||||||
| Azure IoT Plug and Play Support | Ability to build Azure IoT Plug and Play devices. |
This SDK also contains options you can set and platform specific features. You can find detail list in this document.
Provisioning Client SDK
This repository contains provisioning client SDK for the Device Provisioning Service.
| Features | mqtt | mqtt-ws | amqp | amqp-ws | https | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TPM Individual Enrollment | Connecting your device to the Device Provisioning Service via individual enrollment using Trusted Platform Module will continue to work as-is. This quickstart reviews how to create a simulated device for individual enrollment with TPM. TPM over MQTT is currently not supported by the Device Provisioning Service. |
|||||
| X.509 Individual Enrollment | This SDK supports connecting your device to the Device Provisioning Service via individual enrollment using X.509 leaf certificate. This quickstart reviews how to create a simulated device for individual enrollment with X.509. | |||||
| X.509 Enrollment Group | This SDK supports connecting your device to the Device Provisioning Service via enrollment group using X.509 root certificate. |
OS Platforms and Hardware Compatibility
The IoT Hub device SDK for C can be used with a broad range of OS platforms and devices.
The minimum requirements are for the device platform to support the following:
- Support Azure IoT TLS over TCP/IP Requirements: https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/iot-hub/iot-hub-tls-support
- Support SHA-256 (optional): necessary to generate the secure token for authenticating the device with the service. Different authentication methods are available and not all require SHA-256.
- Have a Real Time Clock or implement code to connect to an NTP server: necessary for both establishing the TLS connection and generating the secure token for authentication.
- Having at least 64KB of RAM: the memory footprint of the SDK depends on the SDK and protocol used as well as the platform targeted. The smallest footprint is achieved targeting microcontrollers.
Platform support details can be found in this document. You can find an exhaustive list of the OS platforms the various SDKs have been tested against in the Azure Certified for IoT device catalog. Note that you might still be able to use the SDKs on OS and hardware platforms that are not listed on this page: all the SDKs are open sourced and designed to be portable. If you have suggestions, feedback or issues to report, refer to the Contribution and Support sections below.
Porting the Azure IoT Device Client SDK for C to New Devices
The C SDKs and Libraries:
- Are written in ANSI C (C99) and avoids compiler extensions to maximize code portability and broad platform compatibility.
- Expose a platform abstraction layer to isolate OS dependencies (threading and mutual exclusion mechanisms, communications protocol e.g. HTTP). Refer to our porting guide for more information about our abstraction layer.
In the repository you will find instructions and build tools to compile and run the device client SDK for C on Linux, Windows and microcontroller platforms (refer to the links above for more information on compiling the device client for C).
If you are considering porting the device client SDK for C to a new platform, check out the porting guide document.
Deprecation Notes
MBED OS
- Packages of azure-iot-sdk-c for MBED OS have been deprecated in January, 2023.
See also Deprecated Folders below for other relevant notes.
Contribution, Feedback and Issues
If you encounter any bugs, have suggestions for new features or if you would like to become an active contributor to this project please follow the instructions provided in the contribution guidelines.
Support
- Have a feature request for SDKs? Please post it on Azure Community Feedback to help us prioritize.
- Have a technical question? Ask on Stack Overflow with tag "azure-iot-hub".
- Need Support? Every customer with an active Azure subscription has access to support with guaranteed response time. Consider submitting a ticket and get assistance from Microsoft support team
- Found a bug? Please help us fix it by thoroughly documenting it and filing an issue on our GitHub issues.
Read More
- Azure IoT Hub documentation
- Prepare your development environment to use the Azure IoT device SDK for C
- Setup IoT Hub
- Azure IoT device SDK for C tutorial
- How to port the C libraries to other OS platforms
- Cross compilation example
SDK Folder Structure
/c-utility, /deps, /umqtt, /uamqp -
These are git submodules that contain code, such as adapters and protocol implementations, shared with other projects.
/build, /build_all
Build and checkin gate related folders.
/certs
Contains certificates needed to communicate with Azure IoT Hub.
/doc
This folder contains application development guides and device setup instructions.
/iothub_client
Contains Azure IoT Hub client components that provide the raw messaging capabilities of the library. Refer to the API documentation and samples for information on how to use it.
- build: has one subfolder for each platform (e.g. Windows, Linux). Contains makefiles, batch files, and solutions that are used to generate the library binaries.
- devdoc: contains requirements, designs notes, manuals.
- inc: public include files.
- src: client libraries source files.
- samples: contains simple samples.
- tests: unit and end-to-end tests for source code.
/provisioning_client
This folder contains client library for device provisioning client.
/samples
Contains samples demonstrating more complex E2E scenarios using SDK.
/testtools
Contains tools that are used in testing the libraries.
/tools
Miscellaneous tools.
Deprecated Folders
The following folders are deprecated.
/iothub_service_client
Contains libraries that enable interactions with the IoT Hub service to perform operations such as sending messages to devices and managing the device identity registry.
/provisioning_service_client
Contains libraries that enable interactions with the Device Proviosining service to perform operations such as setting policy around the enrollments.
/serializer
Contains libraries that provide modeling and JSON serialization capabilities on top of the raw messaging library.
Releases
The C SDK offers releases for new features, critical bug fixes, and Long Term Support (LTS). General bug fixes will not receive a separate release, but are instead contained within the LTS release. Versioning follows semantic versioning, x.y.z. or major.minor.patch. Any time the version is updated, it will be tagged x.y.z.
New Features and Critical Bug Fixes
New features and critical bug fixes (including security updates) will be released on the main branch. These releases will be tagged using the date formatted yyyy-mm-dd. A feature release will bump the minor version and reset the patch version to 0. A critical bug fix will bump the patch version only.
Long Term Support (LTS)
New LTS releases branch off of main and will be tagged LTS_<mm_yyyy>_Ref01. A new LTS release will inherit the version from the main branch at the time of the release. LTS branches are named lts_mm_yyyy for the month and year the branch was created.
An updated LTS release will occur when a critical bug fix (including security updates) is ported from the main branch. These updated releases will be tagged in the same manner except for a bumped Ref##, e.g. LTS_<mm_yyyy>_Ref02. The patch version will also be bumped. No new features and no general bug fixes will be ported to an LTS update.
LTS Schedule
Below is a table showing the mapping of the LTS branches to the packages released.
| Package | GitHub Branch | LTS Tag | LTS Start Date | Maintenance End Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| vcpkg: 2023-04-20 | lts_01_2023 | LTS_01_2023_Ref02 | 2023-04-20 | 2024-04-20 |
| vcpkg: 2023-01-13 | lts_01_2023 | LTS_01_2023_Ref01 | 2023-01-13 | 2024-01-13 |
| vcpkg: 2022-09-15 | lts_07_2022 | LTS_07_2022_Ref02 | 2022-09-15 | 2023-09-15 |
| vcpkg: 2022-07-18 | lts_07_2022 | LTS_07_2022_Ref01 | 2022-07-18 | 2023-07-18 |
Release Example
Below is a hypothetical example of versioning and tagging for the C SDK. minor versions are distinguished by color.
- The main branch is at version 1.8.2.
- February 23, 2020: A new feature is released on main. The version bumps to 1.9.0, is tagged
1.9.0, and the release is tagged2020-02-23. - July 9, 2020: A new LTS release occurs. A new release branch
lts_07_2020is created, the version remains 1.9.0, and the LTS release is taggedLTS_07_2020_Ref01. The main branch bumps to 1.10.0 and is tagged1.10.0. - August 2, 2020: A new feature is released on main: The main branch has already been bumped for an upcoming release so the version is unchanged. The release is tagged
2020-08-02. - September 28, 2020: A critical bug fix is released: The version on main bumps to 1.10.1, is tagged
1.10.1, and the release is tagged2020-09-28. The critical bug fix is ported to the lts branchlts_07_2020(and any other existing LTS branch). The lts branch version bumps to 1.9.1, is tagged1.9.1, and the updated LTS release is taggedLTS_07_2020_Ref02. Any submodules that were part of the critical bug fix will be tagged withLTS_07_2020_Ref02. - December 14, 2020: A new feature is released on main. The version bumps to 1.11.0, is tagged
1.11.0, and the release is tagged2020-12-14.
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