lungo
A MongoDB compatible embeddable database and toolkit for Go.
Installation
To get started, install the package using the go tool:
$ go get -u github.com/256dpi/lungo
Example
This example
shows a basic usage of the mongo
compatible API.
Motivation
The document-oriented database MongoDB has become a widely used data store for
many applications developed with the Go programming language. Both, the deprecated
mgo
and the official mongo
driver offer a sophisticated interface to connect
to a deployment and ingest and extract data using various commands. While this
is enough for most projects, there are situations in which one thinks: "It would
be cool if I could just do that in memory without asking the server."
Lungo tries to address this need by re-implementing the data handling mechanics in Go to be used on the client-side. This allows developers to pre- or post-process data in the application relieving the server. For example, applications may utilize this functionality to cache documents and query them quickly in memory.
But we do not need to stop there. Many developers coming from the SQL ecosystem enjoy working with SQLite as a simple alternative to bigger SQL databases. It allows running tests without setting up a database or even small production apps that write their data to a single backed-up file.
Lungo wants to offer a similar experience by implementing a full MongoDB compatible embeddable database that persists data in a single file. The project aims to provide drop-in compatibility with the API exported by the official Go driver. This way, applications may use lungo for running their tests or even low-write production deployments without big code changes.
However, one thing this project does not try to do is build another distributed database. MongoDB itself does a pretty good job at that already.
Architecture
The codebase is divided into the packages bsonkit
, mongokit
, dbkit
and
the main lungo
package.
-
The
bsonkit
package provides building blocks that extend the ones found in the officialbson
package for handling BSON data. Its functions are mainly useful to applications that need to inspect, compare, convert, transform, clone, access, and manipulate BSON data directly in memory. -
On top of that, the
mongokit
package provides the MongoDB data handling algorithms and structures. Specifically, it implements the MongoDB querying, update, and sort algorithms as well as a btree based index for documents. All of that is then bundled as a basic in-memory collection of documents that offers a familiar CRUD interface. -
The
dbkit
package provides database-centric utilities e.g. atomic file write. -
Finally, the
lungo
package implements the embeddable database and themongo
compatible driver. The heavy work is done by the engine and transaction types that manage access to the basicmongokit.Collection
instances. While both can be used standalone, most users want to use the generic driver interface that can be used with MongoDB deployments and lungo engines.
Features
On a high level, lungo provides the following features (unchecked features are planned to be implemented):
- CRUD, Index Management and Namespace Management
- Single, Compound and Partial Indexes
- Index Supported Sorting & Filtering
- Sessions & Multi-Document Transactions
- Oplog & Change Streams
- Aggregation Pipeline
- Memory & Single File Store
- GridFS
While the goal is to implement all MongoDB features in a compatible way, the architectural difference has implications on some features. Furthermore, the goal is to build an open and accessible codebase that favors simplicity. Check out the following sections for details on the implementation.
CRUD, Index Management and Namespace Management
The driver supports all standard CRUD, index management and namespace management
methods that are also exposed by the official driver. However, to this date, the
driver does not yet support any of the MongoDB commands that can be issued using
the Database.RunCommand
method. Most unexported commands are related to query
planning, replication, sharding, and user and role management features that we
do not plan to support. However, we eventually will support some
administrative and diagnostics commands e.g. renameCollection
and explain
.
Leveraging the mongokit.Match
function, lungo supports the following query
operators:
$and
,$or
,$nor
, ($not
)$eq
,$gt
,$lt
,$gte
,$lte
,$ne
- (
$in
), ($nin
),$exist
,$type
$jsonSchema
,$all
,$size
,$elemMatch
And the mongokit.Apply
function currently supports the following update
operators:
$set
,$setOnInsert
,$unset
,$rename
$inc
,$mul
,$max
,$min
, ($push
)$pop
,$currentDate
,$[]
,$[<identifier>]
Finally, the mongokit.Project
function currently supports the following
projection operators:
$slice
Operators in braces are only partially supported, see comments in code.
Single, Compound and Partial Indexes
The mongokit.Index
type supports single field and compound indexes that
optionally enforce uniqueness or index a subset of documents using a partial
filter expression. Single field indexes also support the automated expiry of
documents aka. TTL indexes.
The more advanced multikey, geospatial, text, and hashed indexes are not yet supported and may be added later, while the deprecated sparse indexes will not. The recently introduced collation feature, as well as wildcard indexes, are also subject to future development.
Index Supported Sorting & Filtering
Indexes are currently only used to ensure uniqueness constraints and do not
support filtering and sorting. This will be added in the future together with
support for the explain
command to debug the generated query plan.
Sessions & Multi-Document Transactions
Lungo supports multi-document transactions using a basic copy on write mechanism. Every transaction will make a copy of the catalog and clone namespaces before applying changes. After the new catalog has been written to disk, the transaction is considered successful and the catalog replaced. Read-only transactions are allowed to run in parallel as they only serve as snapshots. But write transactions are run sequentially. We assume write transactions to be fast and therefore try to prevent abortions due to conflicts (pessimistic concurrency control). The chosen approach might be changed in the future.
Oplog & Change Streams
Similar to MongoDB, every CRUD change is also logged to the local.oplog
collection in the same format as consumed by change streams in MongoDB. Based on
that, change streams can be used in the same way as with MongoDB replica sets.
Memory & Single File Store
The lungo.Store
interface enables custom adapters that store the catalog to
various mediums. The built-in MemoryStore
keeps all data in memory while the
FileStore
writes all data atomically to a single BSON file. The interface may
get more sophisticated in the future to allow more efficient storing methods.
GridFS
The lungo.Bucket
, lungo.UploadStream
and lungo.DownloadStream
provide a
GridFS implementation similar to the one found in the gridfs
package of the
official Go driver. However, some improvements have been made while
re-implementing the package:
- Support for sessions via the
context.Context
parameter in alllungo.Bucket
methods. - The
lungo.DowloadStream
implements theio.Seeker
interface for convenient range queries on the file contents. - A non-standard "tracking" mode in which in-progress uploads and deletions are tracked by storing a document in an additional "markers" collection. If enabled, uploads can be suspended and resumed later and must be explicitly claimed. All unclaimed uploads and not fully deleted files can be cleaned up.
License
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2019 Joël Gähwiler